Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1941
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1941
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Stenothoe valida was described from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Dana in 1853. This amphipod was found and named by Costa in Naples, Italy, in the same year, and later recorded from many warm-water ports around the world (Barnard 1953). The small size of the animal, and the diversity and taxonomic difficulty of the genus, means it has been frequently overlooked, and its native range is unknown. Its known range includes both sides of the North Atlantic (Colombia to North Carolina; Senegal to southern England, Fox and Bynum 1975; Lincoln 1979; Hirayama 1988; US National Museum of Natural History 2011); the Mediterranean Sea (Bellan-Santini et al. 1993); Brazil; South Africa (Hirayama 1988); the Indian Ocean (Ledoyer 1967; Sivaprakasam 1969); the Northwest Pacific (Japan and Korea, Hirayama 1988; Kim and Kim 1991); and the Southwest Pacific (New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Chilton 1924; Atlas of Living Australia 2015).

Stenothoe valida has apparently extended its range northward in recent years. In the North Sea, it was collected on submerged shipwrecks off Belgium in 2005 (Zintsen et al. 2008) and on floating seaweed at the island of Helgoland, Germany in 1998 (Franke and Gutow 2003). On the coast of New England, in 2000-2013, S. valida was recorded in Buzzards Bay and the Gulf of Maine (MIT Sea Grant 2000-2008; Wells et al. 2014). This amphipod may have been overlooked, due to its similarity with the native S. minuta (Bousfield 1973), so we do not currently consider it introduced here.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Stenothoe valida was first collected on the West Coast in San Francisco Bay, California sometime before 1941 (Light 1941, cited by Carlton 1979). It has been collected primarily in harbors and bays, usually among hydroids on man-made structures. In San Francisco, it is known from Central, South, and San Pablo Bays (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Cohen et al. 2005). In 1951-1953, it was collected in dock fouling in Newport Bay and Los Angeles Harbors (Barnard 1953; Barnard and Reish 1959), and in 1961 in Bahia de San Quintin, Mexico (Carlton 1979; USNM 109156, US National Museum of Natural History 2007). More recently, it was found in: Humboldt Bay in 2000 (Boyd et al. 2002); Channel Islands Harbor in 2000 (Cohen et al. 2002); Marina Del Rey in 2000 (Cohen et al. 2002); and Monterey Harbor, Oceanside Harbor, and Mission Bay in 2011 (California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Chilton (1924) reported a collection of Stenothoe valida from the Hawaiian Islands. Followed by a report from Barnard (1970) of S. valida specimens collected from transplanted black coral (Antipathes irregularis) in deep water off Oahu, which showed some atypical features. More definite records are from 1996 in Pearl Harbor; 2000 in Kaneohe Bay (Coles et al. 2002a); and 2002 in Molokai, Kauai, and Maui (Coles et al. 2004). Stenothoe valida is now well-established around the Hawaiian Islands. In 1997, it was found in the lagoon of Midway Island (Defelice et al. 1998).


Description

The family Stenothoidae is distinguished by having coxal plates 2-4 greatly enlarged, covering the basal segments of most of the appendages. The abdomen is flexed downward. They are sometimes called 'seed-amphipods', for their laterally-compressed elliptical shape. The eye is relatively large. Antenna 1 is less than 1/2 body length and is slightly longer than Antenna 2.

In Stenothoe valida, Gnathopod 2 is larger than Gnathopod 1 in the female, and is sexually dimorphic, but does not differ greatly in size. Gnathopod 1, in both sexes, has segment 4 (merus), reaching the distal end of segment 5 (carpus). In the male, segment 6 (the propodus) has a large tooth, adjacent to a deep excavation near the insertion of segment 7, the dactyl. The palm and the opposing surface of the dactyl are both densely covered with setae. The female's Gnathopod 2 lacks the large distal tooth, the excavation, and has only a few, short setae on the palm. In the female, coxa plate 2 is much larger than in the male. Pereiopods 5-7 have segment 4 (merus) enlarged, with a curved, blade-like postero-distal tip. Uropod 1 extends beyond Uropod 2 and is lined with short, fine comb-like spines. Both Uropods 1 and 2 are biramous. Uropod 3 has a thick peduncle, shorter than the single 2-segmented ramus. The distal end of segment 1 bears a spine facing outward; segment 2 resembles a thick-tapered spine. The telson is oval, with 3-4 pairs of marginal spines. Adults are 4-6 mm in size. Description based on: Barnard 1953, Hirayama 1988, Bellan-Santini et al. 1993, Chapman 2007, LeCroy 2011; Lincoln 1979; Krapp-Schickel 2013, and Krapp Schickel 2015). Krapp-Schickel (2015) suggests that S. valida is very likely a complex of closely related species/


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Amphipoda
Suborder:   Gammaridea
Family:   Stenothoidae
Genus:   Stenothoe
Species:   valida

Synonyms

Stenothoe assimilis (Chevreux, 1908)
Stenothoe validus (Dana, 1853)
Probolium polyprion (Costa, 1853)
Probolium megacheles (Heller, 1866)
Montagua miersii (Haswell, 1880)
Montagua longicornis (Haswell, 1880)
Probolium miersii (Chilton, 1885)
Stenothoe adhaerens (Chilton, 1891)
Stenothoe valida (Della Valla, 1893)
Stenothoe miersii (Stebbing, 1906)
Stenothoe ornata (Barnard, 1930)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Stenothoe estacola
Northeast Pacific native, found in Southern California associated with the sabellariid Phragmatopoma califonrica (Chapman 2007).

Stenothoe gallensis complex
Described from the Indo-Pacific, now widely distributed in the Atlantic, introduced to Hawaii and New Zealand (Bellan-Santini et al. 1993; Carlton and Eldredge 2009; LeCroy 2011). The species-complex contains at least 8 named species, several of which occurin both the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic (Krapp-Schickel 2015)

Stenothoe georgiana
Northwest Atlantic native, Virginia to Tortugas and Brazil (LeCroy 2011).

Stenothoe minuta
Northwest Atlantic native, Cape Cod to Georgia (Bousfield 1973).

Ecology

General:

Stenothoe valida is a small marine gammaridean amphipod, usually associated with fouling communities, fouling organisms such as sponges and tunicate, corals, algae, or seagrasses (Lewis 1992; Lecroy 2011; Krapp-Schickel and Vader 2015). Sexes are separate, the young are brooded and development is direct (Bousfield 1973). Females in Barbados carried 10-20 eggs. Juveniles actively swam and walked, while adults tended to be more sedentary, staying in cavities and barnacle shells, defending these territories (Lewis 1992).

Stenothoe valida is known from cold-temperate to tropical climates, and polyhaline to euhaline salinities (Lincoln 1979; Hirayama 1988; Cohen et al. 2005). This amphipod tends to be strongly associated with live or dead sessile organisms that provide refuge. In Los Angeles Harbor, it was found among colonies of the hydroid Ectopleura crocea (Barnard 1953), while in Humboldt Bay, it was found around mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and tunicates. Other hosts include the hydrozoan coral Millepora complanata and empty barnacle shells in Barbados; seagrasses and sponges in Florida (LeCroy 2011); and floating seaweeds in the North sea, Germany (Franke and Gutow 2003). Stenothoe valida is common in dock, buoy, and ship fouling (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Carlton 1979).  It is a suspension feeder - animals sit in place, with uropods pressed against a surface and the body pointed upward at a 30-degree angle, with the antennae and gnathopods in motion, and periodically wiped across the mouthparts (Lewis 1992).

Food:

Phytoplankton, detritus

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatCoral reefNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatRockyNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)20Field data, Port Sonoma, CA, San Pablo Bay (Cohen et al. 2005)
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Approximate maximum salinity, Mediterranean Sea
Minimum Length (mm)2.1Females, Males 2.5 mm, Barbados (Lewis 1992)
Maximum Length (mm)6Mediterranean (Krapp-Schickel 2013)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

No impacts have been reported for Stenothoe valida throughout its range.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2015 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 2011 Def Estab
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2011 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 2011 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2000 Def Estab
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2000 Def Estab
P130 Humboldt Bay 2000 Def Estab
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 2000 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1951 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 1951 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1951 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1941 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1941 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1941 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
755627 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Aquatic Park Def 37.8068 -122.4243
755628 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Central Basin Def 37.7643 -122.3863
755629 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Def 37.7780 -122.3881
755630 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
755631 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
755632 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Dumbarton Bridge Def 37.5070 -122.1168
755633 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5120 -122.2109
755634 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
755635 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Def 37.8108 -122.4086
755636 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
755637 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Treasure Island Def 37.8149 -122.3702
755638 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
755639 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 San Mateo Bridge Def 37.5806 -122.2543
755640 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
755641 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
755642 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7957 -122.3136
755643 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Outer Harbor Def 37.8221 -122.3120
755644 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Ballena Bay Def 37.7662 -122.2842
755645 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7845 -122.2674
755646 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7762 -122.2998
755647 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
755648 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
755649 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf Def 38.0231 -122.2928
755650 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Napa Valley Marina Def 38.2198 -122.3119
755651 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Loch Lomond Marina Area Def 37.9720 -122.4832
755652 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Def 37.9643 -122.4185
755653 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Def 38.0446 -122.4326
755654 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755655 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Corinthian Marina Def 37.8726 -122.4563
755656 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Paradise Cay Def 37.9147 -122.4774
755657 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
755658 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Derelict Boat Def 35.3589 -120.8524
755659 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-08 Aquaculture Floats Def 40.8285 -124.1648
755660 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Dumbarton Bridge Def 37.5061 -122.1178
755661 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Railroad Bridge Def 37.4600 -121.9748
755662 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5119 -122.2111
755663 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6741 -122.3798
755664 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7813 -122.2456
755665 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7958 -122.3137
755666 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8604 -122.3251
755667 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8677 -122.3172
755668 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Def 37.8150 -122.3703
755669 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3915
755670 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Back Def 37.9206 -122.3685
755671 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9100 -122.3643
755672 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Rodeo Marina Def 38.0390 -122.2743
755673 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Ayala Cove Def 37.8677 -122.4351
755674 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8086 -122.4060
755675 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3918
755676 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
755677 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 San Mateo Bridge Def 37.5804 -122.2545
755678 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 CIYC Guest Slip Def 34.1642 -119.2253
755679 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Back Bay Marina Def 33.6193 -117.8935
755680 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
755681 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Fuel Depot Def 33.7439 -118.2393
755682 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier Def 33.7232 -118.2685
755683 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Slip D-50 Def 33.7166 -118.2792
755684 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Draw Bridge Def 33.7644 -118.2428
755685 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6583 -117.1191
755686 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7155 -117.1748
755687 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7672 -117.2361
755688 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Def 32.7625 -117.2363
755689 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3958
755690 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-06 Ferry Terminal Docks Def 33.3441 -118.3225
755691 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-06 The Tuna Club Def 33.3460 -118.3268
755692 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-16 Fisherman's Wharf near Monterey Fish Company Def 36.6039 -121.8895
755693 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-29 Aquaculture Floats Def 40.8283 -124.1648
758749 Light 1941, cited in Carlton 1979a 1941 Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7689 -122.2301
758750 Barnard 1953 1951 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Def 33.7632 -118.2526
758751 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Los Angeles Harbor, Cerritos Channel, eastern side of Henry Ford Bridge (Station D) Def 33.7663 -118.2393
758752 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Long Beach Middle Harbor, at entrance to East Basin (Station G) Def 33.7521 -118.2153
758753 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Reeves Field Seaplane Hangar Bay (Station H) Def 33.7460 -118.2537
758754 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Fish Harbor Inner Breakwater (Station J) Def 33.7353 -118.2662
758755 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Los Angeles Harbor, Pilot Service Pier (Station N) Def 33.7215 -118.2713
758756 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-08-17 Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 236, under Small Boat Fueling Wharf (Station P) Def 33.7370 -118.2746
758757 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-05-12 500 feet south of Boy Scouts of America Explorer Base (Station L) Def 33.7147 -118.2845
758758 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-12-21 Los Angeles Harbor, Northern end of Channel (Station R) Def 33.7245 -118.2807
758759 Barnard 1958 1951 1951-06-22 Pontoon Bridge between Terminal Island and Long Beach (Station E) Def 33.7646 -118.2211
758760 Barnard 1959b 1952 1952-11-06 Lower Newport Bay, Station 4P Def 33.5988 -117.8826
758761 Barnard 1959b 1953 1953-11-29 Lower Newport Bay, Station 5P-3 Def 33.6001 -117.8885
758762 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-11-06 Lower Newport Bay, Station 22P Def 33.6092 -117.9255
758763 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-08-28 Lower Newport Bay, Station 25B Def 33.6117 -117.9228
758764 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-08-28 Lower Newport Bay, Station 27B Def 33.6202 -117.9332
758765 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-08-28 Lower Newport Bay, Station 29B Def 33.6211 -117.9362
758766 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-07-27 Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-1 Def 33.6163 -117.9052
758767 Barnard 1959b 1951 Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-2 Def 33.6163 -117.9052
758768 Barnard 1959b 1951 1951-11-29 Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-3 Def 33.6163 -117.9052
758769 Barnard 1959b 1953 1953-12-20 Newport Back Bay, Station 35S-2 Def 33.6187 -117.9031
758770 Barnard 1960 1960 Corona del Mar, S of Newport Bay breakwater Def 33.5925 -117.8775
758771 J. Chapman, pers. comm. 1978, in Carlton 1979a. 1975 San Francisco Bay Def 37.8494 -122.3681
758772 Carlton and Hodder 1995 1987 1987-09-22 Humboldt Bay Def 40.7864 -124.1922
758773 Carlton and Hodder 1995 1987 1987-09-25 San Francisco Bay Def 37.8494 -122.3681
758774 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Central San Francisco Bay Def 37.8595 -122.3884
758775 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 Central San Francisco Bay Def 37.8595 -122.3884
758776 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-25 Jack's Landing Def 34.1636 -119.2228
758777 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-29 Marina del Rey Def 33.9722 -118.4522
758778 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Public Marina Def 40.8033 -124.1783
758779 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Woodley Island, West End Def 40.8070 -124.1667
758780 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6862 -122.3906
758781 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Pier 39, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8114 -122.4098
758782 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-25 Presidio Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8326 -122.4741
758783 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-27 Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay Def 37.5006 -122.2242
758784 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy # 12 Def 37.9134 -122.4452
758785 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy # 2 (CB) Def 37.8904 -122.4176
758786 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy # 8 Def 38.0293 -122.3718
758787 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Dolphin # 11 Def 38.0530 -122.3307
758788 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Dumbarton Bridge (pylon) Def 37.5031 -122.1230
758789 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 San Mateo Bridge (pylon) Def 37.5835 -122.2515
767384 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-15 Tomales- Call Box 401, Bodega Bay, California, USA Def 38.1793 -122.9104
767450 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-29 Mission Bay Yacht Club, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.7778 -117.2485
767469 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-04 Bahia Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.7731 -117.2478
767596 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-09-05 Launch Ramp, Morro Bay, CA, California, USA Def 35.3577 -120.8508
767660 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-16 Naval Base Point Loma, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.6886 -117.2343
767699 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-25 Navy Ammo Dock, Pier Bravo, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.6939 -117.2276
767739 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-18 NAB Fiddlers Cove, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.6524 -117.1486
768028 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-27 Port of San Francisco Pier 31, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Def 37.8078 -122.4060
768160 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-05 Port of Oakland, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Def 37.7987 -122.3228
769084 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-27 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7256 -118.0758
769880 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-09 Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7595 -118.2174
769931 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-09 Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7595 -118.2174
769955 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7729 -118.2178
770028 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Pier F, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7472 -118.2130
777581 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9729 -118.4511
777586 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9729 -118.4511
777589 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9745 -118.4502
777599 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9757 -118.4497
777602 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9757 -118.4497
777606 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9757 -118.4497
777610 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Neptune Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9758 -118.4565
777615 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9807 -118.4505
777622 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9825 -118.4513
777624 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9825 -118.4513
777627 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9825 -118.4513
777629 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9825 -118.4513
777636 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9797 -118.4549
777639 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9797 -118.4549
777641 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Def 33.9797 -118.4549
777653 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-25 Naval Base floating dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA Def 34.1537 -119.2090
777660 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-23 Naval Base fiberglass dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA Def 34.1477 -119.2109
777664 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-23 Naval Base fiberglass dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA Def 34.1477 -119.2109
777712 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-20 Port Hueneme Site 2, Port Hueneme, California, USA Def 34.1479 -119.2022
777873 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7839 -122.2641
778014 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-07 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.8060 -122.4428

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