Amphibalanus amphitrite

Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1914
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1914
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1931

---

General Invasion History:

Amphibalanus amphitrite was described by Darwin (1854), using specimens collected from Portugal, the Mediterranean, West Africa, the West Indies, the Indo-Pacific, Australia, and New Zealand. However, because A. amphitrite is part of a complex of similar species, and prone to transport on ships' hulls, its native range is difficult to determine (Utinomi 1960; Henry and McLaughlin 1975). In the West Pacific and Indian Ocean, it may be native from Southeastern Africa to Southern China, but it is a recent introduction in Eastern (Panama-California), Northwestern (Korea-Japan-Russia, 1st record Tokyo Bay, 1950), and Southwestern reaches of the Pacific, including New Zealand (Cranfield et al. 1998) and possibly Southern Australia. Amphibalanus amphitrite invaded North American waters in the 20th century (Zullo 1966; Southward 1975; Carlton et al. 2011). It was absent on pre-Columbian oyster shells from the Indian River lagoon examined by Boudreaux et al. (2009). Darwin (1854) observed that it was 'extremely common on ship's bottoms' and it has been introduced over much of its present range, including most of the Atlantic Basin (cryptogenic in the Mediterranean) and the Eastern Pacific, including Hawaii, and the North American Coast, from Panama to San Francisco Bay, California (Zullo et al. 1972; Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Carlton et al. 2011).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

On the Pacific Coast of North and Central America, Amphibalanus amphitrite is abundant on the coast of Panama and ranges at least as far north as San Francisco Bay, California (Carlton et al. 2011). Its usual habitats are the sheltered waters of harbors. There is an apparent gap in its range between Santa Monica Bay and San Francisco Bay (Carlton 1979; Wasson et al. 2001; Cohen et al. 2002), where it was first collected in 1938. In San Francisco Bay, it is confined to the warmest parts of the estuary (Zullo et al. 1972). A remarkable invasion took place in the 1940s, when A. amphitrite was introduced to the Salton Sea, a salt lake created by a ruptured canal in a desert region of California, near the Colorado River. The barnacles were introduced from San Diego Bay to the Salton Sea with buoys used to mark seaplane landing areas and were very abundant by 1944 (Carlton 1979; Carlton et al. 2011). The adult barnacles have developed a distinctive morphology, and were previously recognized as a subspecies (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). However, rearing experiments and genetic studies indicate that these changes are environmental (Flowerdew 1985; Carlton et al. 2011). The Salton Sea barnacles have lost pigmentation in their cyprid larvae, which is an evolutionary change from their marine ancestors (Raimondi 1992).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Darwin (1854) reported Amphibalanus amphitrite as occurring in the Caribbean, but the identity of his specimens is uncertain. The earliest verified record from the Northwest Atlantic is a specimen collected from the Dry Tortugas, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico in 1931 (U.S. National Museum of Natural History collections). However, this could represent an isolated specimen collected from a ship. It is plausible that large-scale introductions of this barnacle to the Northwest Atlantic occurred during and after World War II (Carlton et al. 2011). The Striped Barnacle was common at Beaufort, North Carolina by 1955 (Costlow and Bookhout 1958; Zullo 1966; Henry and McLaughlin 1975) at Biscayne, Florida by 1960 (Moore and Frue 1974), and in Bermuda by 1952 (Henry and McLaughlin 1975; USNM 195758 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2011). It may have been overlooked at many locations by confusion and lumping with the native A. venustus, then known as 'Balanus amphitrite niveus', and may have been present in Biscayne Bay as early as the 1940s (Moore and Frue 1974). Later collections have shown it to be widely distributed on the East Coast south of Cape Hatteras (Mook 1983; Zullo 1966; Zullo and Lang 1978; Prezant et al. 2002; Crickenberger and Sotka 2009).

It was collected in 1967 in Virginia Beach (Henry and McLaughlin 1975), but was reported as 'scarce' in lower Chesapeake Bay (Van Engel et al. 1972). It now occurs regularly in the lower Bay on fouling plates (2001-2004, Ruiz et al., unpublished data) and extends south to Biscayne Bay, Florida (Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Ruiz et al., unpublished data). This barnacle may occur sporadically further north, but apparently cannot survive the winter. Zullo (1966) collected four specimens from pilings near Hyannis, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, and maintained them in a running seawater system. The specimens died when temperatures dropped to 1.5ºC (Zullo 1966). This barnacle has regularly settled in Long Island Sound in small numbers (Carlton et al. 2011), but its winter survival is unknown. The range of this barnacle is expected to move north, with the warming climate (Carlton et al. 2011).

Invasion History on the Gulf Coast:

On the Gulf Coast, as noted above, Amphibalanus amphitrite was collected from the Dry Tortugas in 1931 (this record may have been from a ship), but was not reported from other locations until the 1950s (Carlton et al. 2011). Early locations include Tampa Bay (in 1952), Boca Ciega Bay (in 1955), St. Marks Bay (in 1959), St. Andrews Bay (in 1964) (all in Florida), and Pass Christian, Mississippi Sound (Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Wells 1966; Zullo 1966). Amphibalanus amphitrite is present along the western coast of Texas, from Corpus Christi Bay (in 1971) to Port Mansfield and south into Mexico (in 1965, Vergera and Vercruz) (Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Gittings 1985; Gittings et al. 1986). Gittings et al. (1986) note a gap in distribution from Louisiana to Reddish Bay, Texas, where they suggest A. reticulatus may have excluded A. amphitrite in the more turbid waters of the north-central Gulf coast.

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Amphibalanus amphitrite was first collected in the Hawaiian Islands in Honolulu in 1902 (USNM 32517, Henry and McLaughlin 1975, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002). Currently, it is found throughout the main Hawaiian Islands (Carlton and Eldredge 2009), although in some locations, it is now mostly replaced by A. reticulatus and Chthamalus proteus. However, it is still common in low salinity settings (Zabin 2009).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

The status of Amphibalanus amphitrite in the Eastern Atlantic is complicated by its identification in an excavation of a 2000 year-old Carthaginian naval base in Tunis, which leads us to treat this barnacle as cryptogenic in the Mediterranean Sea (Southward 1998), although Carlton et al. (2011) suggest it may have been introduced to Tunis even at this early date. It appears to be a recent invader in other parts of the Atlantic, however, where it is confined to tropical and warm-temperate waters. Specimens were collected in Atlantic France as early as 1914 (Goulletquer et al. 2002), in the Azores in 1920 (Southward 1998), and in the Bay of Biscay in 1934 (Bishop 1950). In Northern Europe, this species is confined to warmer waters, and is abundant in thermal effluents. It was first reported from Le Havre, France in 1928, and has subsequently been found in England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany (Bishop 1950; Bishop et al. 1957; Wolff 1999; Kerckhof and Cattrijsse 2001; Kerckhof et al. 2007; Wiegemann 2008). Many of these occurrences are likely to be ephemeral, dependent on effluents, or vulnerable to severe cold weather. There are few records of Amphibalanus amphitrite from the Atlantic Coast of Africa, a likely result of undersampling. It was collected from Madeira in 2005 (Wirtz et al. 2006), but was not abundant. Henry and McLaughlin (1975) reported specimens from Walvis Bay, Namibia, collected in 1969.

In the Caribbean and Southwest Atlantic, the timing of Amphibalanus amphitrite's invasion is uncertain because of taxonomic confusion. Darwin (1854) referred to this species occurring in 'the West Indies', but the earliest dated, verified record which we have is from Curacao in 1957 (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). According to available records, this barnacle is widespread, but scattered, in the western Caribbean. Southward (1975) and Bacon (1976) found it rare and local in Jamaica, largely confined to ships and man-made structures in Bonaire and Trinidad, but locally common on mangroves on Isla Margarita, Venezuela. Amphibalanus amphitrite was common at the eastern entrance to the Panama Canal in 1974 (Spivey 1976). In the Southwest Atlantic, the first definitive record of A. amphitrite was from 1940, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (de Oliveira 1941, cited by Carlton et al. 2011). At present, this barnacle ranges from Guimaraes, Maranhao state, Brazil (2⁰S, Young 1994) to Mar del Plata, Argentina (38⁰S, Orensanz et al. 2002), with many occurrences on the Brazilian coast (Young 1994).

In the tropical East Pacific, Amphibalanus amphitrite was found in 1946 in the Gulf of California (Henry and McLaughlin, 1975; USNM 173807, US. National Museum of Natural History 2011), in 1960 in Acapulco (Henry and McLaughlin 1975), and 1974, in Balboa, Panama, at the western end of the Panama Canal (Spivey 1976). An isolated occurrence was found in La Punta, Lima, Peru, in 1999, on 'artificial rock' in a harbor (Carlton et al. 2011).

Amphibalanus amphitrite has a wide presumed native/cryptogenic range in the Indo-West Pacific, but is apparently introduced in the Northwest Pacific (northern China, South Korea, Japan, and Pacific Russia), the Southwest Pacific (southern Australia, New Zealand), and central Pacific Islands (Fiji, American Samoa). The first records in Japanese waters were from Kyushu and southeastern Honshu in 1937 (Hiro 1937, cited by Utinomi 1960). It invaded Korean waters in the 1970s (Kim 1992), and by 1975 it occurred seasonally, during warm years, in the Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, Russia. Its winter survival here is dependent on thermal effluents (Zvyaginstsev and Korn 2003). In the Southwest Pacific, the boundary between A. amphitrite's native and introduced ranges is unclear. Keough and Ross (1999), Hewitt et al. (2004), and Huisman et al. (2008) consider it introduced to ports of southern Australia, but the date of first invasion is unknown, due in part to confusion with the very similar native species A. variegatus (Keough and Ross (1999). The first record from New Zealand was from Waitemata Harbour, near Auckland in 1960 (Cranfield et al. 1998). In Guam, A. amphitrite appeared confined to harbors, but is abundant as a fossil, and so is considered native (Paulay and Ross 2003). Further east, in Fiji (Foster 1974) and American Samoa (Coles et al. 2003), this barnacle was probably introduced by shipping.

---

Description

The shell of Amphibalanus amphitrite is usually conical or subcylindrical. The orifice is round or slightly toothed. Its width is usually more than 1/2 its height. The plates have wide longitudinal ribs (radii), narrowing to the tops of the shell plates. The plates are white, with longitudinal lavender or purple stripes. Inside the operculum, on the interior face of the scutum, the adductor ridge is moderately long and usually thick. The tergum has a blunt apex. The length of its spur is about 1/4 of the length of the basal margin, and the spur width is roughly 3/10 of the basal margin (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). The shell ranges up to 30.2 mm basal diameter (Henry and McLaughlin 1975), but adults typically range from 5.5 to 15 mm basal diameter (Shkedy et al. 1995; Shalla et al. 1995). This barnacle is characteristic of sheltered marine habitats, and tolerates some salinity variation. Larval development of A. amphitrite is described and illustrated by Costlow and Bookhout (1958), Lang (1979), and Zvagintsev and Korn (2003).

Amphibalanus amphitrite is a member of the Amphibalanus amphitrite species complex and can be confused with A. improvisus, A. eburneus, A. reticulatus, A. subalbidus, A. variegatus and other closely related species (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). Molecular analysis showed that the subspecies A. amphitrite saltonensis, described by Henry and McLaughlin for specimens from the Salton Sea and a California coast specimen, is identical to A. amphitrite amphitrite, invalidating the status of the subspecies (Flowerdew 1985). Salton Sea and Pacific Coast A. amphitrite show identical morphology when reared together, indicating that morphological differences are environmental, but the cyprid larvae of Salton Sea barnacles lack the green pigmentation of Pacific barnacles. This change in larval morphology has evolved since the Salton Sea population was established in the 1940s (Raimondi 1992).

---

Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Amphibalanus amphitrite, like many other barnacles, is hermaphroditic, but is capable of cross-fertilization. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity, sometimes for several months, and are released as nauplius larvae with three pairs of appendages (Barnes 1983). This barnacle produced 1,000 to 10,000 eggs per animal, generally increasing with body size (El-Komy and Kajihara 1991; Lee and O'Riordan 2014). The nauplii feed in the plankton and go through five successive molts, spending four to 18 days in the water column before molting into a non-feeding cypris stage, covered with a pair of chitinous shells (Anil et al. 1995). Cyprids swim, investigating suitable surfaces, and then settle, secreting a shell and molting into the first juvenile barnacle stages. Juvenile and adult barnacles are filter feeders, sweeping the water with their long bristled appendages to gather phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus.

Amphibalanus amphitrite is typically found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal regions of sheltered marine waters, particularly harbors, and man-made structures, but is rare on open rocky coasts (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). It grows on a wide range of hard surfaces, including docks, ship hulls, logs, mangroves, rocks, oysters, and other shellfish (Utinomi 1960; Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Southward 1975; Gitting 1985). It is sensitive to cold temperatures, and in the northern limits of its range, it is most abundant in the warmest habitats, including thermal effluents (Bishop 1950; Zullo 1966; Raymont 1976). This barnacle prefers marine salinities (30-40 ppt), but tolerates a range from 10-52 ppt (McPherson et al. 1984; Anil et al. 1995; Cohen 2005).

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

---

Habitats

General Habitat	Coarse Woody Debris	None
General Habitat	Oyster Reef	None
General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
General Habitat	Rocky	None
General Habitat	Mangroves	None
General Habitat	Vessel Hull	None
General Habitat	Coral reef	None
Salinity Range	Mesohaline	5-18 PSU
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Salinity Range	Hyperhaline	40+ PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Tidal Range	Low Intertidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None

---

---

Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)	1.5	Min. temp. comes from observation of 2 individuals in running seawater, Woods Hole MA (Zullo 1966).
Maximum Temperature (ºC)	40	Temperature to 50% coma, heated 1 C per minute (Ritz and Foster 1968)
Minimum Salinity (‰)	10	From lab experiments- Anil et al. 1995
Maximum Salinity (‰)	52	Field observations, pond, Alviso CA, South San Francisco Bay (Cohen 2005).
Minimum Reproductive Temperature	12	Im cultures at ambient temperature, Japan (El-Komy and Kajihara 1991)
Minimum Duration	6	Larval Period, 30 C, laboratory (Anil et al. 1995)
Maximum Duration	17	At 15 C, 10 PSU ((Anil et al. 1995))
Minimum Length (mm)	5.5	Minimum adult size (Shalla et al. 1995; Shkedy et al. 1995)
Maximum Length (mm)	15	Maximum adult size (Shalla et al. 1995; Shkedy et al. 1995)
Maximum Width (mm)	30	Maximum basal width (Henry and McLauglin 19750
Broad Temperature Range	None	Warm-temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity Range	None	Mesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts 

Shipping- We have not found specific reports of economic impacts for Amphibalanus amphitrite in North American waters. However, A. amphitrite is one of the most abundant fouling barnacles in warmer harbors of the U.S. (Moore and Frue 1959; Carlton 1979), and worldwide (Zevina 1988; Jones 1992; Shkedy et al. 1995). It is a major contributor to fouling of ship and harbor structures. Amphibalanus amphitrite is a frequent test organism for various types of anti-fouling agents and treatments. Hull fouling by barnacles and other organisms has costly impacts for shipping lines and navies, greatly increasing fuel costs, decreasing maneuverability, and fouling internal seawater piping. Barnacles also greatly contribute to fouling of navigational buoys and coastal power station intakes (Haderlie 1984).

Fisheries- Amphibalanus amphitrite is a frequent fouling organism of cultured Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in warmer waters (Grizel and Heral 1991; Grizel 1994).

Ecological Impacts 

Competition- Amphibalanus amphitrite, together with A. eburneus and A. improvisus, is a competitor in fouling communities in Beaufort, North Carolina. Amphibalanus spp. however, despite their high recruitment rate, were readily overgrown by other fouling organisms (Sutherland and Karlson 1977). In the Indian River Lagoon, the introduced Amphibalanus amphitrite and the native A. eburneus competed with the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) for settlement sites, and also affected survival and growth of oysters by settling on their shells (Boudreaux et al. 2009). Amphibalanus amphitrite is a common organism in fouling communities worldwide. In the harbors of Yokohama and Tokyo, Japan, A. amphitrite is reported to have largely replaced the native A. reticulatus (Zvyagintsev and Korn 2003).

Habitat Change- In Tampa Bay, Amphibalanus amphitrite affected the composition of the fouling community, mainly by creating additional structure for the recruitment and colonization of motile species. Removing barnacle shells inhibited recruitment, while adding barnacle shells increased recruitment (Bros 1987).

---

References

Anil, Arga C.; Chiba, Kenji; Okanoto, Ken; Kurokura, Hisashi (1995) Influence of temperature and salinity on larval development of Balanus amphitrite: Implications in fouling ecology., Marine Ecology Progress Series 118: 159-166

Ashton, G. V.; Davidson, I. C.; Geller, J.; Ruiz, G. M. (2016) Disentangling the biogeography of ship biofouling: barnacles in the Northeast Pacific, Global Ecology and Biogeography 25: 739;750

Bacon, Peter R. (1976) The Cirripedia of Trinidad, Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 163: 1-55

Baker, H. R. (1984) Diversity and zoogeography of marine Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta), with notes on variation in widespread species, Hydrobiologia 115: 191-196

Baker, Patrick; Baker, Shirley M.; Fajans, Jon (2004) Nonindigenous marine species in the greater Tampa Bay ecosystem., Tampa Bay Estuary Program, Tampa FL. Pp. <missing location>

Bamber, R. N. (1990) Power station thermal effluents and marine crustaceans, Journal of Thermal Biology 15(1): 91-96

Bancila. Raluca I.; Skolka, Marius; Ivanova, Petya; Surugiu, Victor; Stefanova, Kremena; Todorova. Valentina; Zenetos, Argyro (2022) Alien species of the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea coast: state of knowledge, uncertainties, and needs for future research, Aquatic Invasions 17: Published online

Barnes, Robert D. (1983) Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 883

Berg, Carl J.,Early, Julie A., Butman, Bradford & Turner, Ruth D. (1987) Seasonal recruitment of marine invertebrates to hard substrates on Georges Bank and the eastern continental shelf of the US, Nautilus 10(1): 19-24

Bishop, M. W.; Crisp, D. J.; Fischer-Piette, E.; Prenant, M. (1957) Sur l’écologie des Cirripèdes de la côte atlantique française., Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco 1099: 1-12

Bishop, Marcus W. (1951) Distribution of barnacles by ships., Nature 167(4248): 531

Bishop, Marcus, W. H. (1950) Distribution of Balanus amphitrite Darwin var. denticulata Broch, Nature 165(4193): 409-410

Bonvechio, Kimberly I.; Barthel, Brandon; Carroll, Jessica (2018) Health and Genetic Structure of the American Eel in Florida, Southeastern Naturalist 17(3): 483-455
https://doi.org/10.1656/058.017.0311

Boudreaux, Michelle L.; Stiner, Jennifer L.; Walters, Linda J. (2006) Biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida., Journal of Shellfish Research 25(3): 1079-1089

Boudreaux, Michelle L.; Walters, Linda J.; Rittschof, Daniel (2009) Interactions between native barnacles, non-native barnacles, and the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica., Bulletin of Marine Science 84(1): 43-57

Bros, William E. (1987) Effects of removing or adding structure (barnacle shells) on recruitment to a fouling community in Tampa Bay, Florida., Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 105: 275-296

Bumbeer, Janaína de Araújo; da Rocha, Rosana Moreira (2012) Detection of introduced sessile species on the near shore continental shelf in southern Brazil, Zoologia 29(2): 126-134

Calcagno, J. A.; Lopez Gappa, J.; Tablado, A. (1997) Growth and production of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite in an intertidal area affected by sewage pollution, Journal of Crustacean Biology 17(3): 417-423

California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2014) Introduced Aquatic Species in California Bays and Harbors, 2011 Survey, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-36

Campbell, Marnie L] ; Hewitt, Chad L.[ Miles, Joel (2016) Marine pests in paradise: capacity building, awareness raising and preliminary introduced species port survey results in the Republic of Palau, Biological Invasions 7(4): 351-363

Carlton, James T. (1979) History, biogeography, and ecology of the introduced marine and estuarine invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America., Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis. Pp. 1-904

Carlton, James T.; Newman, William A. (2009) Reply to Clare and Høeg 2008. Balanus amphitrite or Amphibalanus amphitrite A note on barnacle nomenclature., Biofouling 25(1): 77-80

Carlton, James T.; Eldredge, Lucius (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawaii: The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago., Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4: 1-202

Carlton, James T.; Munizaga, Martin; Thiel, Martin (2021) The rediscovery of the only introduced barnacle in Chile: Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Estero Tongoy, Northern-Central Chile, BioInvasions Records 10: In press

Carlton, James T.; Newman, William A.; Pitombo, Fábio Bettini (2011) In the wrong place- Alien marine crustaceans: Distribution, biology, impacts, Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 159-213

Chainho, Paula and 20 additional authors (2015) Non-indigenous species in Portuguese coastal areas, lagoons, estuaries, and islands, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science <missing volume>: <missing location>

Chavanich, S.; Tan, L. T.; Vallejo, B.; Viyakarn, V. (2010) Report on the current status of marine non-indigenous species in the Western Pacific region, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Subcommission for the Western Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. Pp. 1-61

Chui, P. Y. A.; Ang, P. O. (2010) Massive overgrowth of coral recruits by barnacles in winter low-temperature conditions, Hong Kong, China, Coral Reefs 29: 1017

Cohen, Andrew N. 2005-2024 Exotics Guide- Non-native species of the North American Pacific Coat. https://www.exoticsguide.org/



Cohen, Andrew N. and 12 authors (2002) Project report for the Southern California exotics expedition 2000: a rapid assessment survey of exotic species in sheltered coastal waters., In: (Eds.) . , Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-23

Cohen, Andrew N.; Carlton, James T. (1995) Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Sea Grant College Program (Connecticut Sea Grant), Washington DC, Silver Spring MD.. Pp. <missing location>

Coles, S. L.; Reath, P. R.; Longenecker, K.; Bolick, Holly; Eldredge, L. G. (2004) <missing title>, Hawai‘i Community Foundation and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu. Pp. 1-187

Coles, S. L.; Reath, P. R.; Skelton, P. A.; Bonito, V; DeFelice; Basch, L. (2003) Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay and the National Park Coast, American Samoa., Bishop Museum Technical Report 26: 1-24

Conlan, Kathleen E.; Desiderato, Andrea; Beermann, Jan (2021) Jassa (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a new morphological and molecular assessment of the genus, Zootaxa 4939: <missing location>

Costlow, John D.; Bookhout, C. G. (1958) Larval development of Balanus amphitrite var. denticulata Broch reared in the laboratory, Biological Bulletin 114: 284-396

Cranfield, H.J.; Gordon, D.P.; Willan, R.C.; Marshall, B.A; Battershill, C.N.; Francis, M.P.; Nelson, W.A.; Glasby, C.J.; Read, G.B. (1998) <missing title>, The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand. Pp. <missing location>

Crickenberger, Sam; Sotka, Erik (2009) Temporal shifts of fouling communities in Charleston Harbor, with a report of Perna viridis (Mytilidae), Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science 125(2): 78-84

Darwin, Charles (1854) A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia: With Figures of All the Species: The Balanidæ (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidæ, Etc, The Ray Society, London. Pp. <missing location>

de Rivera, Catherine, and 27 authors (2005) Broad-scale non-indigenous species monitoring along the West Coast in National Marine Sanctuaries and National Estuarine Research Reserves report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C.. Pp. <missing location>

del Monaco, Carlos; Capelo, Juan (2000) [The genera Balanus, Chthamalus and Tetraclita from the coast of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela], Memoria de la Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 154: 77-197

Demopoulos, Amanda W. J.; Smith, Craig R. (2010) Invasive mangroves alter macrofaunal community structure and facilitate opportunistic exotics, Marine Ecology Progress Series 404: 51-67

Detwiler, P. M.; Coe, Marie F.; Dexter, Deborah M. (2002) Benthic invertebrates of the Salton Sea; Distribution and seasonal dynamics, Hydrobiologia 473: 139-160

Egan, E. A.; Anderson, D. T. (1986) Larval development of Balanus amphitrite Darwin and Balanus variegatus (Cirripedia, Balanidae) from New South Wales, Australia, Crustaceana 51(2): 188-207

El-Komy, M. M.; Kajihara, T. (1991) Breeding and moulting of barnacles under rearing conditions, Marine Biology 108: 83-89

Eno, N. Clare (1996) Non-native marine species in British waters: effects and controls, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6: 215-228

Farrapeira, Christiane M. R. (2010) Barnacles (Crustacea:Cirripedia) of the estuarine and marine areas of the port of Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil), Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50: 199-129

Farrapeira, Cristiane Maria Rocha (2008) [Cirripedia Balanomorpha of Paripe River estuary (Itamaracá Island, Pernambuco, Brazil).], Biota Neotropica 8(3): 31-39

Farrapeira, Cristiane Maria Rocha (2010) Shallow water Cirripedia of the northeastern coast of Brazil: The impact of life history and invasion on biogeography, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 392: 210-219

Floerl, Oliver; Pool, Thomas K.; Inglin, Graeme J. (2004) Positive interactions between nonindigenous species facilitate transport by human vectors., Ecological Applications 14(6): 1724-1736

Flowerdew, M. W. (1985) Indices of genetic identity and distance in three taxa within the Balanus amphitrite Darwin complex (Cirripedia, Thoracica)., Crustaceana 49(1): 7-15

Foster, B. A. (1967) A guide to the littoral balanomorph barnacles of New Zealand, Tuatara 15(2): 75-85

Foster, B. A. (1974) The barnacles of Fiji, with observations on the ecology of barnacles on tropical shores, Pacific Science 28: 35-56

Gaonkar, Chetan A.; Sawant, Subhash S.; Anil, Arga Chandrashekar; Krishnamurthy, Venkat; Harkantra, Sandanand (2010) Changes in the occurrence of hard substratum fauna: A case study from Mumbai Harbour, India, Indian Journal of Marine Science 39(1): 74-84

Gittings, Stephen R. (1985) Notes on barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Gulf of Mexico., Gulf Research Reports 8(1): 35-41

Gittings, Stephen R.; Dennis, George D.; Harry, Harold W. (1986) <missing title>, Texas A&M Sea Grant, College Station TX. Pp. 1-36

Gonzalez, J. A.; Martin, L. Herrera, R.; Gonzalez Lorenzo, G.; Espino. F.; Barquin-Diez, J.; Southward, A.J. (2011) Cirripedia of the Canary Islands: distribution and ecological notes, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92: 129-141

Goulletquer, Philippe; Bachelet, Guy; Sauriau, Pierre; Noel, Pierre (2002) Invasive aquatic species of Europe: Distribution, impacts, and management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp. 276-290

Green, Stephanie J. and 7 authors (2021) Broad-scale acoustic telemetry reveals long-distance movements and large home ranges for invasive lionfish on Atlantic coral reefs, Marine Ecology Progress Series 673: 117-134

Grizel, H; Héral, M (1991) Introduction into France of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas)., Journal Conseil Internationale d' Exploration de la Mer 47(3): 399-403

Grizel, Henri (1994) Reflexions sur les problemes d'introduction de mollusques., In: Boudouresque, C. F., Briand, F., and Nolan, C.(Eds.) Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters.. , Brussels. Pp. 50-55

Haderlie, E. C. (1984) Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study., Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD. Pp. 163-166

Henricksen, Summer; Bollens, Stephen M. (2021) Abundance and growth of the invasive Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the lower Columbia River, USA, Aquatic Invasions 17: In press

Henry, Dora P.; McLaughlin, Patsy A. (1975) The barnacles of the Balanus amphitrite complex (Cirripedia, Thoracica)., Zoologische Verhandelingen 141: 1-203

Hewitt, Chad L. and 14 authors. (2004) Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia., Marine Biology 144: 183-202

Hiro, Fujio (1989) Studies on the Cirripedian fauna of Japan, Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B 15: 2

Holm, Eric R. (2012) Barnacles and biofouling, Integrative and Comparative Biology Published online: <missing location>

Huang, Xuguang, Bingyu;; Guo, Donghu; Zhong;, Yanping; Li, Shunxing; Liu, Xin;; Laws, Edward A.; Huang, Bangqin (2021) Blackfordia virginica blooms shift the trophic structure to smaller size plankton in subtropical shallow waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin 182(111990): Published online

Huisman, John M.; Jones, Diana S.; Wells, Fred E.; Burton, Timothy S. (2008) Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters., Records of the Western Australian Museum 25: 1-44

ICES Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment (2011) <missing title>, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, Copenhagen. Pp. 1-180

Innocenti, G. (2006) Collections of the Natural History Museum, Zoological Section «la Specola» of the University of Florence. XXIII. Crustacea, class Maxillopoda, subclass Thecostraca, infraclass Cirripedia, Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Memorie, series B. 113: 1-11

Iwasaki, Keiji (2006) Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks., Shoukadoh Book Sellers,and IUCN, Kyoto and Gland, Switzerland. Pp. 104-112

Jones, Diana S. (1992) A review of Australian fouling barnacles, Asian Marine Biology 9: 89-100

Jones, Diana S. (2004) Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia., Records of the Western Australia Museum Suppl. 66: 121-157

Jones, Diana S.; Hewitt, Melissa A.; Sampey, Alison (2000) Checklist of the Cirripedia of the South China Sea, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 8: 233-307

Karlson, Ronald H.; Osman, Richard W (2012) Species composition and geographic distribution of invertebrates in fouling communities along the east coast of the USA: a regional perspective, Marine Ecology Progress Series 458: 255–268

Keough, M. J. ; Ross, J. (1999) Introduced fouling species in Port Phillip Bay., In: Hewitt, C. L.; Campbell; M.;Thresher, R.; Martin,(Eds.) Marine Biological Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , Hobart, Tasmania. Pp. 193-225

Kerckhof, Francis; Haelters, Jan; Gollasch, Stephan G. (2007) Alien species in the marine and brackish ecosystem: the situation in Belgian waters., Aquatic Invasions 2(3): 243-257

Kerckhof, Francis; Cattrijsse, Andre (2001) Exotic Cirripedia (Balanomorpha) from buoys off the Belgian Coast., Senckenbergiana Maritima 31(2): 245-254

Kim, I-H. (1992) Invasion of foreign barnacles into Korean waters, Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 8(2): 163-176

Kocak, F. ; Kucuksezgin, F. (2000) Sessile fouling organisms and environmental parameters in the marinas of the Turkish Aegean coast., Indian Journal of Marine Science 29: 149-157

Koukouras, Anathasios; Matsa, Athanasia (1998) The thoracican cirriped fauna of the Aegean Sea: New information, checklist of the Mediterranean species, faunal comparisons., Senckenbergiana Maritima 28(4/6): 133-142

Laguna, Jorge (1985) <missing title>, M.S. Thesis, University of California, San Diego. Pp. <missing location>

Laguna, Jorge E. (1990) Shore barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) and a revision of their provincialism and transition zones in the tropical Eastern Pacific, Bulletin of Marine Science 46(2): 406-424

Lang, William H. (1979) Larval development of shallow water barnacles of the Carolinas (Cirripedia: Thoracica) with keys to naupliar stages., NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 421: 1-39

Lang, William H.; Marcy, Martha (1982) Some effects of early starvation on survival and development of barnacle nauplii Balanus improvisus, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 60: 63-70

Lee Cheah Chong, Dick, ; O’Riordan, Ruth 2014 Variation in the fecundity of <i>Balanus amphitrite</i> with shore height. <missing URL>



Li, Xinzhengl Shenz. Anglv; Xu, zhaou (2008) Report on some shrimos from dontou Island, Zhejiang, China (Decapoda, Natantia, Crustaceana (Leiden) <missing volume>: <missing location>

Lindeman, Kenyon C.; McCarthy, Daniel A.; Holloway-Adkins, Karen; Snyder, David B. (2009) <missing title>, CSA International, Inc., Stuart FL. Pp. <missing location>

Lira, Simone Maria de Albuquerque ; Farrapeira, Cristiane Maria Rocha (2010) Sessile and sedentary macrofauna from the Pirapama Shipwreck, Pernambuco, Brazil, Biota Neotropica 10(4): published online

Lutaenko, Konstantin A.; Furota,Toshio; Nakayama, Satoko; Shin, Kyoungsoon; Xu, Jing (2013) <missing title>, Northwest Pacific Action Plan- Data and Information Network Regional Activity Center, Beijing, China. Pp. <missing location>

Marques, Antonio C. and 17 authors (2013) Rapid assessment survey for exotic benthic species in the São Sebastião Channel, Brazil, Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41(2): 265-285

McCollin, Tracy; Brown, Lyndsay (2014) Native and non-native marine biofouling species present on commercial vessels using Scottish dry docks and harbours, Management of Biological Invasions 5(2): 85-96

McDonald, Michelle R. and 7 authors (2009) Effects of ocean acidification over the life history of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite, Marine Ecology Progress Series 385: 179-187

McPherson, Benjamin, Sonntag, Wayne H.; Sabanskas, Maryann (1984) Fouling community of the Loxahatchee River estuary, Florida, 1980-81, Estuaries 7(2): 149-157

Mook, David (1983) Indian River fouling organisms, a review, Florida Scientist 26(3/4): 162-167

Moore, H. B.; Frue, A. C. (1959) The settlement and growth of Balanus improvisus, B. eburneus, and B. amphitrite in the Miami area., Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 9(4): 421-440

Moore, Hilary B.; Albertson, Helen D.; Miller, Sigmund M. (1974) Long-term changes in the settlement of barnacles in the Miami area., Bulletin of Marine Science 24: 86-100

Naser, M. D.; Son. M. O.; Yasser, A.Gh. (2011) [Assessing the risks of aquatic invertebrates invasions in the Shatt-al-Arab River] (Russian), Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 1: 77-85

Nelson, W. G.; Savercool, T. E.; Rodda, Neth and J. R. (1994) A comparison of the fouling community development on stabilized oil-ash and concrete reefs., Bulletin of Marine Science 55(2-3): 1303-1315

Newman, William A. (2007) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon, University of California Press, Berkeley CA. Pp. 475-481

Noel, Pierre Y. (2011) In the wrong place- Alien marine crustaceans: Distribution, biology, impacts, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Pp. 345-375

Orensanz, Jose Maria and 14 other authors (2002) No longer the pristine confines of the world ocean: a survey of exotic marine species in the southwestern Atlantic, Biological Invasions 4(1-2): 115-143

Patel, Bhupendra; Crisp, D. J. (1960) The influence of temperature on the breeding and the moulting activities of some warm-water species of operculate barnacles, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39: 667-680

Paulay, Gustav; Ross, Arnold (2003) An annotated checklist of the shallow water Cirripedia of Guam, Micronesica 35-36: 303-314

Pestana, Lueji Barros; Dias, Gustavo Muniz; Marquesa, Antonio Carlos (2017) A century of introductions by coastal sessile marine invertebrates in Angola, South East Atlantic Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin 125: 426-a432

Pilsbry, Henry A. (1916) The sessile barnacles contained in the collections of the U.S. National Museum, including a monograph of the American species., United States National Museum Bulletin 93: 1-366

Pitombo, F. B. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the Balanidae (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha)., Zoologica Scripta 33(3): 261-276

Preda, Cristina; Memedemin, Daniyar; Skolka, Marius; lniceanu, Dan Coga (2012) Early detection of potentially invasive invertebrate species in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 dominated communities in harbours, Helgoland Marine Research 66: 545-556

Prezant, Robert S.; Toll, Ronald B.; Rollins, Harold B.; Chapman, Eric J. (2002) Marine macroinvertebrate diversity of St. Catherines Island, Georgia., American Museum Novitates 3367: 1-31

Pyefinch, K. A. (1950) Notes on the ecology of ship-fouling organisms., Journal of Animal Ecology 19: 29-35

Raimondi, Peter T. (1992) Adult plasticity and rapid larval evolution in a recently isolated barnacle population, Biological Bulletin 182: 210-220

Rajagopal, S.;Nair, K.V.K.; Van Der Velde, G.; Jenner, H.A. (1997) Seasonal settlement and succession of fouling communities in Kalpakkam, east coast of India., Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 30(4): 309-325

Ramadan, Sh. E.; Kheirallah, A. M.; Abdel-salam, Kh. M. (2006) Marine fouling community in the Eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt compared with four decades of previous studies, Mediterranean Marine Science 7/2: 19-29

Raymont, J. E. G. (1976) Harvesting Polluted Waters, Plenum, New York. Pp. 185-199

Reish, Donald J.; Kauwling, Thomas J.; Schreiber, Traynor C. (1975) Annotated checklist of the marine invertebrates of Anaheim Bay, California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 165: 41-51

Relini, G; Matricardi, G, (1999) Cirripedi toracici delle Lagune Di Orbetello., Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, series B. 86: 55-57

Ribeiro, Romeu S.; Mata, Ana M. T. ; Salgado, Ricardo; Gandra, Vasco; Afonso, Inês; Galhanas, Dina; Dionísio, Maria Ana; Chainho, Paula (2023) Undetected non-indigenous species in the Sado estuary (Portugal), a coastal system under the pressure of multiple vectors of introduction, Journal of Coastal Conservation 27(53): Published online
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-023-00979-3

Ritz, D. A.; Foster, B. A. (1968.) Comparison of the temperature responses of barnacles from Britain, South Africa, and New Zealand, with special reference to temperature acclimation in Elminius modestus., Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 48: 545-559

Rodríguez-Almaraz, Gabino A.; García-Madrigal, María del Socorro (2014) [Aquatic Invasive Species in Mexico], Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, <missing place>. Pp. 337-371

Rogers, Frank Lee (1949) Three new subspecies of Balanus amphitrite from California, Journal of Entomology and Zoology 41(2): 23-32

Ross, Arnold (1962) Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico 15. The littoral Balanomorph Cirripedia., American Museum Novitates 2084: 1-44

Rubal, Marcos; Maldre, Kelli; ,Sousa-Pinto, Isabel; Veiga, Puri (2021) Current distribution and abundance of Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854) and other non-indigenous barnacles along the northern coast of Portugal, Regional Studies in Marine Science 41(101586): Published online

Ruiz, Gregory M.; Geller, Jonathan (2018) Spatial and temporal analysis of marine invasions in California, Part II: Humboldt Bay, Marina del Re, Port Hueneme, and San Francisco Bay, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center & Moss Landing Laboratories, Edgewater MD, Moss Landing CA. Pp. <missing location>

Ruiz, Gregory; Geller, Jonathan (2021) Spatial and temporal analysis of marine invasions: supplemental studies to evaluate detection through quantitative and molecular methodologies, Marine Invasive Species Program, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento CA. Pp. 153 ppl.

Satheesh, S.; Godwin Wesley, S. (2009) Breeding biology of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (Crustacea: Cirripedia): influence of environmental factors in a tropical coast, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89(6): 1203-1208

Shahdadi, Adnan; Sari, Alireza; Naderloo, Reza (2014) A checklist of the barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman with nine new records, Zootaxa 3784: 201-223

Shalla, Salma H. A.; Ghobashy, Abdul F. A.; Hartnoll, Richard G. (1995) Studies on the biology of Balanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854 (Cirripedia) from Lake Timsah in the Suez Canal, Crustaceana 68(4): 503-517

Shkedy, Yehoshua; Safriel, Uriel; Tamar, Keasar (1995) Life-history of Balanus amphitrite and Chthamalus stellatus recruited to settlement panels in the Mediterranean coast of Israel., Israel Journal of Zoology 41: 147-161

Southward, A. J. (1975) Intertidal and shallow water Cirripedia of the Caribbean., Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 150: 1-153

Southward, A. J. (1998) New observations on barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia) of the Azores regions., Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 16A: 11-27

Spivey, H. R. (1976) The cirripeds of the Panama Canal, Corrosion and Marine Fouling 1(1): 43-50

Stafford, Heath; Willan, Richard C. (2007a) <missing title>, state of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Cairns. Pp. <missing location>

Sutherland, John P.; Karlson, Ronald H. (1977) Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina, Ecological Monographs 47: 425-446

Sylvester, Francisco and 8 authors (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem?, Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 415-423

Tamburini, M. ; Ferrario, J.;; Marchini, A.;; Piazza, A.; Lo Vullo; M.; Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. (2023) Are Fouling Non-indignousspecies invading Porto Venere Bay? An Assessment through image analysis , Biologia Marina Mediterranea <missing volume>(27): 213-216

Tavares, M. R.; .Franco, A. C. S. ; . Ventura, C. R. R.; .Santos, L. N. (2021) Geographic distribution of Ophiothela brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): substrate use plasticity and implications for the silent invasion of O. mirabilis in the Atlantic, Hydrobiologia 848: 2093-2103

Texeira, Valeria L., Almeida, Sergio A. D. S., Kelecom, Alphonse (1990) Chemosystematics and biogeographic studies of the diterpenes from the marine brown alga Dictyota dichotoma, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18(2/3): 87-92

Torres, Paulo; Costa, Ana Cristina; Dionisio, Maria Ana (2012) New alien barnacles in the Azores and some remarks on the invasive potential of Balanidae, Helgoland Marine Research 66: 513-522

U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2021 Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database. http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/



Utinomi, Huzio (1960) On the world-wide dispersal of a Hawaiian barnacle, Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis., Pacific Science 14(1): 43-50

Utinomi, Huzio (1970) Studies on the Cirripedian Fauna of Japan.IX., Distributional Survey of Thoracic Cirripeds in the Southeastern part of the Japan Sea, Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 17(5): 339-372

Van Engel, W. A. (1972) Subclass Cirripedia, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Scientific Report 65: 143

Van Syoc (2009) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, In Attached CD Springer, Berlin. Pp. 219-223

Wassick, Ann; Hunsucker, Kelli Z.; Swain, Geoff (2022) A baseline survey to document the distribution and abundance of native and non-native barnacle species in Port Canaveral, Florida, Bioinvasion Records 11: Published online

Wasson, Kerstin; Zabin, C. J.; Bedinger, L.; Diaz, M. C.; Pearse J. S. (2001) Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport, Biological Conservation 102: 143-153

Wells, Christopher D. and 23 authors (2014) Report on the 2013 rapid assessment survey of marine species at New England bays and harbors, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston MA. Pp. 32

Wells, Harry W. (1966) Barnacles of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico., Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29(4): 81-95

Wiegemann, Maja (2008) Wild cyprids metamorphosing in vitro reveal the presence ofBalanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854 in the German Bight basin., Aquatic Invasions 3: 228-231

Wirtz, Peter; Araujo, Ricardo; Southward, Alan J. (2006) Cirripedia of Madeira., Helgoland Marine Research 60: 207-212

Wolff, Wim (1999) Exotic invaders of the mes-oligohaline zone of estuaries in the Netherlands: why are there so many?, Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 393-400

Young, Paulo S. (1994) Superfamily Balanoidea Leach (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) from the Brazilian coast., Boletim do Museo Nacional (Zoologia) 356: 1-36

Young, Paulo S. (2000) Cirripedia Thoracica (Crustacea) collected during the "Campagne de la Calypso (1961-1963) from the Atlantic shelf of South America., Zoosystema 22(1): 85-100

Zabin, Chela J. (2009) Battle of the barnacle newcomers: niche compression in invading species in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, Marine Ecology Progress Series 381: 175-182

Zevina, G. B. (1988) Underwater scraping of ship foulings in tropical waters., Soviet Journal of Marine Biology <missing volume>: 41-46

Zevina, G. B.; Poltarukha, O. P. (1999) [Barnacles of the Black Sea), Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists 104(1): 30-39.

Zullo, Victor A. (1966) Thoracic cirripedia from the continental shelf of South Carolina USA., Crustaceana 11(3): 229-244

Zullo, Victor A. (1979) Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Arthropoda: Cirripedia, NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 425: 1-29

Zullo, Victor A.; Beach, Dea B.; Carlton, James T. (1972) New barnacle records (Cirripedia, Thoracica), Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 39(6): 65-74

Zullo, Victor A.; Lang, William H. (1978) An annotated Checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia SC. Pp. 158-160

Zullo, Victor August (1963) <missing title>, University of California, Berkeley CA. Pp. 1-368

Zvyaginstev, A. Yu.; Radashevsky, V. I.; Ivin, V. V.; Kashin, I. A.; Gorodkov, A. N. (2011) Nonindigenous species in the far-eastern seas of Russia, Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 2(1): 164-182

Zvyagintsev, A. Yu . (1985) Succession of fouling communities of a ship during one navigation in Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan), Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 21(3): 134-140

Zvyagintsev, A. Yu. (2003) Introduction of species into the Northwestern Sea of Japan and the problem of marine fouling., Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29(Suppl. 1:): 10-21

Zvyagintsev, A. Yu.; Korn, O. M. (2003) Life history of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin and its role in fouling communities of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan., Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29(1): 41-48.

---