Description
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantae | Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Callitrichales | Callitrichaceae | Callitriche |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1942 | Established | Stable | Introduced | Unconfirmed | North America | Eurasia | Natural Dispersal(Natural Dispersal), |
History of Spread
Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) is an aquatic plant of shallow streams and ponds, native to Eurasia and Africa. It is possibly native to Australia, and probably is introduced to New Zealand (Cook 1985; Philbrick et al. 1998). The earliest North American herbarium specimen of C. stagnalis is from NY state ('Thusk'?), dated 1861. By 1900, it had been collected in two NJ Counties, and on Long Island NY, as well as isolated records in MT and OR. Its range in Eastern North America is now from the St. Lawrence River estuary, Quebec (reached by 1932) to Fairfax County VA (by 1952). There are inland records from AL (1980) and WI (1925). On the West Coast , C. stagnalis has been recorded from British Columbia (by 1916) to CA (Butte, Humboldt and Napa Counties). There seem to have been at least two invasions of North America, on the East and West Coast, with shipping considered the likeliest vector (Philbrick et al. 1998). However, Callitriche spp. were commonly sold in the early aquarium trade (Les and Mehrhoff 1999).
The only clearly North American estuarine records of C. stagnalis which we have found are reports of this plant from the tidal flats of the St. Lawrence River (Fernald 1932, cited by Philbrick et al. 1998). In the Chesapeake Bay watershed, C. stagnalis has been collected in small streams and ditches in Montgomery, Prince Georges County and St. Marys Counties MD and Fairfax County VA. Alng the Potomac, it has been collected at Plummers Island, about 15 km above tidewater (U.S. National Herbarium collections).
References- Cook 1985; Les and Mehrhoff 1999; Philbrick et al. 1998; U.S. National Herbarium collection
Invasion Comments
Residency- Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) has been collected from small streams and ditches in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (Philbrick et al. 1998; U.S. National Herbarium collections), but its occurrence in tidal waters and wetlands is unconfirmed.
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
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| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
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| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) appears to be scarce in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and has not been documented as occurring in tidal waters. It has no reported economic impacts in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) has no reported economic impacts in its native and introduced ranges.
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) appears to be scarce in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and has not been documented as occurring in tidal waters. It has no reported impacts on native biota in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere.
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Callitriche stagnalis (Pond Water-Starwort) appears to be scarce in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and has not been documented as occurring in tidal waters. It has no reported impacts on exotic biota in Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere.
References
Brown, Melvin L.; Brown, Russell G. (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, , College Park. Pp.Cook, Christopher D. K. (1985) Range extensions of aquatic vascular plant species, Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 23: 1-6
Fernald, Merritt L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A. (1963) The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur (1991) Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , Bronx, New York. Pp.
Harvill, A. M.; Bradley, Ted R.; Stevens, Charles E.; Wieboldt, Thomas F.; Ware, Donna M. E.; Ogle, Douglas W.; Ramsey, Gwynn W.; Fleming, Gary P. (1992) Atlas of the Virginia Flora, , Burkeville, VA. Pp.
1999 List of non-native invasive vascular plants in Connecticut.. http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/collections/herbarium/herbariumother/ilist99.html
1997-2024 USDA PLANTS Database.. Onine databse
Philbrick, C. Thomas; Aajar, Ronald A., Jr.; Stuckey, Ronald L. (1998) Invasion and spread of Callitriche stagnalis (Callitrichaceae) in North America, Rhodora 100: 25-38