Description
Order- In recent decades, many authors have doubted the validity of the Cladocera as a taxonomic unit, and have treated the four major cladoceran groups (Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, Onychopoda, Haplopoda) as separate orders of the class Branchipoda (e.g. Smirnov 1992). However, recent molecular studies support treatment of the Cladocera as a monophyletic order, with the four groups as suborders (Rowe and Hebert 1999).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Crustacea | Branchiopoda | Cladocera | Daphniidae | Daphnia |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Established | Expanding | Introduced | Regular Resident | North America | Africa | Shipping(Ballast Water),Fisheries(Fisheries Accidental),Ornamental(Aquatic Plant),Natural Dispersal(Natural Dispersal) |
History of Spread
Daphnia lumholtzi is a cladoceran native to southwest Asia, east and north Africa, and eastern Australia. This species' large size and prominent head and tail spines make it conspicuous in plankton samples. In 1991, it was collected in Stockton Lake MO and Lake Fairfield TX. A likely mechanism of introduction was an attempt to introduce Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) to Lake Fairfield in 1983. Alternatively, other aquarium fish or plant releases could have brought this cladoceran to north America. Allozyme comparisons indicate that Africa is the likeliest source of D. lumholtzi populations in North America (Havel and Hebert 1993; Havel et al. 2000). Subsequently, populations were detected in reservoirs, swamps, and rivers in 17 states, from TX and FL north to KS, IL, OH, and NC (Havel and Hebert 1993; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Programr 2000). Most of the occurrences are in inland reservoirs, suggesting that trailered boats, fishing gear, and natural dispersal by birds may be important local vectors.
In 1999, D. lumholtzi was collected in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta CA, where it is now established in the headwaters of the San Francisco Bay estuary (Orsi 2002; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2008.) It has also been found in freshwater reservoirs in the Basin of the Great Salt Lake, Utah (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2008).
In 1994, Daphnia lumholtzi was found to be abundant in the lower Atchafalaya River LA, at 19 of 30 sites sampled (Davidson and Kelso 1997). The river system intersects with the Intracoastal Waterway, so that dispersal of D. lumholtzi to many of LA's coastal bayous is likely. D. lumholtzi's spread towards the Great Lakes is well documented. It was detected in the Illinois River in 1995 (Stoeckel et al. 1996), and has been extending its range northward towards Lake Michigan, through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. In 1999, it was first collected in Lake Erie (Florida Caribbean Science Center 2000). By the late 1990s, D. lumholtzi's range on the Atlantic slope extended from Lake Okeechobee FL to reservoirs on the Piedmont of NC (Florida Caribbean Science Center 2000).
In 1998, Daphnia lumholtzi was collected in tidal fresh waters of the James River estuary VA. It has re-occurred in each subsequent year, increasing in abundance, but has not spread to other Chesapeake tributaries. In the James, D. lumholtzi was still much less abundant than other Daphnia spp. (Mateja 2000). In 2007-2008, D. lumholtzi was collected in the tidal fresh Transquaking River, Dorchester County, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland (Davis and Gobler 2011).
History References- Davidson and Kelso 1997; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2000; Havel and Hebert 1993; Havel et al. 2000; Mateja 2000; Stoeckel et al. 1996
Invasion Comments
Alternate vectors into North America- Hugh MacIsaac (2000, pers. comm.) has suggested that Daphnia lumholtzi could have been carried to North America on wind-borne dust from the Sahara, explaining its rapid spread into many reservoirs simultaneously. We regard this hypothesis as unconfirmed, but if resting eggs of African cladocerans and other freshwater organisms are collected from airborne dust, this hypothesis will have to be re-examined.
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 30.0 | 15.0 | 30.0 | |
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | |
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 1.9 | |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 1.9 | |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | 0.1 | |
| Typical Longevity (yrs | 0.1 |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Daphnia lumholtzi is a recent arrival in the Chesapeake Bay, and is still confined to the James River, where its abundance is increasing, but still much less than those of native cladocerans (Mateja 2000). Its impacts are being studied in a number of lakes and reservoirs in the midwestern and southeastern US, but are still not known with certainty.
Fisheries- Studies on feeding preference/avoidance on planktivorous juvenile fishes, suggest that the invasion of D. lumholtzi could affect the availability of food for planktivorous fishes, including juveniles and larvae of many species. Since native Daphnia are an important food item for larval Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), the invasion of D.lumholtzi is a source of concern in the Chesapeake Bay region (Hines 2000, personal observation).
References- Hines 2000 personal communication; Mateja 2000
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Daphnia lumholtzi is a recent arrival in North Americay, and is still confined to the James River, where its abundance is increasing rapidly. Its impacts are being studied in a number of lakes and reservoirs in the midwestern and southeastern US, but are still not known with certainty. Initial research suggests that this spiny cladoceran may be altering the available food supply for juvenile fishes, potentially affecting recruitment (Swaffer and O'Brien 1996; Kolar et al.1998).
References- Kolar et al.1998; Swaffer and O'Brien 1996
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Daphnia lumholtzi is a recent arrival in the Chesapeake Bay, and is still confined to the James River, where its abundance is increasing, but is still much less than those of native cladocerans (Mateja 2000). Its impacts are being studied in a number of lakes and reservoirs in the midwestern and southeastern US, but are still not known with certainty.
Competition- The high temperature tolerance of D. lumholtzi enables it to be abundant in midsummer in Lake Texoma TX-OK when other cladocerans are scarce, enabling it to exploit resources with little native competition (Work and Gophen 1998). In Lake Springfield IL, the invasion of D. lumholtzi was followed by a change in species composition, with decreased abundance of native cladocerans. Kolar et al. (1998) speculated that competition with native cladocerans in late summer and fall, may affect affecting spring recruitment of the native species. The species co-occur only briefly, but during this time competition, combined with differential predation, may be affecting native cladocerans, which then are overwintering or producing resting eggs, and providing next spring's generations. Predation by fishes may reinforce the effects of competion, since fishes tend to select the less spiny native cladocerans (Kolar et al. 1998). Microcosm experiments in MO indicate that D. lumholtzi can suppress the native D. parvula's rate of increase in summer and fall (Johnson and Havel 2001).
Food/Prey- The long terminal spines of D. lumholtzi may create feeding difficulties for planktivorous fishes. Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) rejected D.lumholtzi at a higher rate than the shorter-spined D. magna (Swaffer and O'Brien 1996). However, Kolar and Wahl (1998) found that spines of D. lumholtzi only deterred smaller juvenile L. macrochirus (<50 mm), but did not affect larger fish. However, differential predation may have strongly affected abundance of native cladocerans in Springfield Lake IL, by increasing the late-summer fall populations of native species, and so affecting spring recruitment (Kolar et al.1998).
While L. macrochirus is an introduced species in the Chesapeake Bay drainage, effects on native planktivorous fishes, including juveniles and larvae of many species, are expected. Since native Daphnia are an important food item for larval Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), the invasion of D. lumholtzi is a source of concern in the Chesapeake Bay region (Hines, personal observation).
References- Johnson and Havel 2001; Kolar et al.1998; Kolar and Wahl 1998; Mateja 2000; Swaffer and O'Brien 1996; Work and Gophen 1998
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Daphnia lumholtzi is a recent arrival in the Chesapeake Bay, and is still confined to the James River, where its abundance is increasing, but still much less than those of native cladocerans (Mateja 2000). Its impacts are being studied in a number of lakes and reservoirs in the midwestern and southeastern US, but are still not known with certainty.
Food/Prey- The long terminal spines of D. lumholtzi may create feeding difficulties for planktivorous fishes. Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) rejected D. lumholtzi at a higher rate than the shorter-spined D. magna (Swaffer and O'Brien 1996). However, Kolar and Wahl (1998) found that spines of D. lumholtzi only deterred smaller juvenile L. macrochirus (<50 mm), but did not affect larger fish. However, differential predation may have strongly affected abundance of native cladocerans in Springfield Lake IL, by increasing the late-summer fall populations of native species, and so affecting spring recruitment (Kolar et al.1998).
Effects on on other introduced planktivorous fishes, including juveniles and larvae of many species, are expected.
References- Kolar et al.1998; Kolar and Wahl 1998; Mateja 2000; Swaffer and O'Brien 1996
References
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