Description

Taxonomy

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus
Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Capparales	Brassicaceae	Erysimum

Synonyms

Cheirinia cheiranthoides

Invasion History

Chesapeake Bay Status

First Record	Population	Range	Introduction	Residency	Source Region	Native Region	Vectors
1806	Established	Stable	Introduced	Boundary Resident	Europe	Eurasia	Agriculture(Agricultural Weed), Shipping(Dry Ballast)

History of Spread

Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed-Mustard) is native to Eurasia, and was first collected from North America by Pursh in 1806, who reported it from 'old fields and roadsides' in VA (Pursh 1814). Subsequently, it was recorded in many scattered locations. Gray (1848) gave its range only as 'W. New York, thoroughly naturalized', but it was also collected from Wilmington DE as early as 1841 (Tatnall 1946; Burk 1877). It was found on ballast in Philadelphia and New York (Brown 1878). Currently, it has a wide range in northern North America, from Canada and AK extending south in mountain regions to SC and CA (Swedish Natural History Museum 2001; Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001).

Eryisymum cheiranthoides was missing from early botanical surveys of Baltimore and Washington (Aikin 1837; Brereton 1830), but it was found there by the 1880s (Sollers 1888; Ward 1881). It is apparently rare in the Chesapeake Bay region, and was omitted from Brown and Brown's (1984) flora of MD. In VA, it is largely confined to the counties near Washington DC, and to upper Piedmont and mountain regions (Harvill et al. 1992). The only clear record of E. cheiranthoides from tidal wetlands is in Henrico County VA, near the head of the James River estuary, from a 1985 survey (Atkinson et al. 1990).

References- Aikin 1837; Atkinson et al. 1990; Brereton 1830;; Brown 1878; Brown and Brown 1984; Burk 1877; Gray 1848; Harvill et al. 1992; Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001; Pursh 1814; Sollers 1888; Swedish Natural History Museum 2001; Tatnall 1946; Ward 1881

Invasion Comments

Ecology

Environmental Tolerances

	For Survival		For Reproduction
	Minimum	Maximum	Minimum	Maximum
Temperature (ºC)
Salinity (‰)	0.0		0.0
Oxygen
pH
	Salinity Range	fresh-oligo

Age and Growth

	Male	Female
Minimum Adult Size (mm)
Typical Adult Size (mm)
Maximum Adult Size (mm)
Maximum Longevity (yrs)
Typical Longevity (yrs

Reproduction

	Start	Peak	End
Reproductive Season
Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event
Sexuality Mode(s)
Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction
Fertilization Type(s)
More than One Reproduction Event per Year
Reproductive Startegy
Egg/Seed Form

Impacts

Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay

Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed-Mustard) is apparently very rare in the Chesapeake Bay region, and has no reported economic impacts.

Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay

Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed-Mustard) apparently causes few economic problems However, it was included on one regional (Nebraska and Great Plains) agricultural weed list (Natural Resources Conservation Service 2002).

References- Natural Resources Conservation Service 2002

Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species

Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed-Mustard) is apparently very rare in the Chesapeake Bay region, and has no reported impacts on native biota.

Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species

Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed-Mustard) is apparently very rare in the Chesapeake Bay region, and has no reported impacts on exotic biota.

References

Aikin, W. E. A. (1837) Catalogue of phenogamous plants and ferns, native or naturalized, growing in the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland., Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences and Literature 1: 55-91

Atkinson, Robert B.; Bodkin, Norlyn L.; Perry, James E. (1990) New county records collected in tidal wetlands of four coastal plain counties along the James River, Virginia, Castanea 55: 56-64

Brereton, J. A. (1830) Prodromus of the Flora Columbiana, , Washington, D.C.. Pp.

Brown, Addison (1878) Plants introduced with ballast and on made land., Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 255-258

Brown, Addison (1879) Ballast plants in New York City and its vicinity, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 353-360

Brown, Melvin L.; Brown, Russell G. (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, , College Park. Pp.

Burk, Isaac (1877) List of plants recently collected on ships' ballast in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia : 105-109

Fernald, Merritt L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.

Gleason, Henry A. (1963) The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.

Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur (1991) Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , Bronx, New York. Pp.

Gray, Asa (1848) A manual of botany of the northern United States., In: (Eds.) . , Boston. Pp.

Harvill, A. M.; Bradley, Ted R.; Stevens, Charles E.; Wieboldt, Thomas F.; Ware, Donna M. E.; Ogle, Douglas W.; Ramsey, Gwynn W.; Fleming, Gary P. (1992) Atlas of the Virginia Flora, , Burkeville, VA. Pp.

Hitchcock, A. S.; Standley, P. C. (1919) Flora of the District of Columbia and Vicinity., In: (Eds.) . , Washington, D. C.. Pp.

1997-2024 USDA PLANTS Database.. Onine databse

Pursh, Frederick (1814) Flora Americae Septentrionalis or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America, , Hirschburg. Pp.

Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln; Fernald, Merrit L. (1908) Gray's New Manual of Botany., , New York. Pp.

Shreve, Forrest M.; Chrysler, M. A.; Blodgett, Frederck H.; Besley, F. W. (1910) The Plant Life of Maryland, , Baltmore. Pp.

Sollers, Basil (1888) Check list of plants compiled for the vicinity of Baltimore., , Baltimore. Pp.

Tatnall, Robert R. (1946) Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore, , Wilmington. Pp.

Ward, L. F. (1881) Guide to the flora of Washington and Vicinity, United States National Museum Bulletin 22: 1-264