Description
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Hexapoda | Insecta | Heteroptera | Lygaeidae | Holocranum |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Established | Unknown | Introduced | Regular Resident | Europe | Eurasia | Shipping(unspecified); Ornamental(Aquatic Plants); Agriculture(Packing Material) |
History of Spread
The Old-World true bug Holocranum saturejae, was first collected (but not identified at the time) from cattails on the VA Atlantic coast in 1955. In 1994, it was found in coastal and inland locations from FL to VA, and subsequently in Western North America (AZ, NV, CA) as well (Hoffman and Slater 1995; Hoffman 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999). Transport by shipping seems the likeliest vector, perhaps among plant debris which accumulates in containers stored at ports (Mikkola and LaFontaine 1994). However, Hoffman and Slater (1995) also consider aeolian transport possible.
Holocranum saturejae feed on Typha spp. (T. angustifolia, T. latifolia, T. dominguensis) flower/seed heads, where all life stages occur (Hoffman and Slater 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999). In Europe, this bug has also been occasionally reported from willow catkins (Hoffman and Slater 1996).
In the Chesapeake Bay region, H. saturejae was first captured at Wallops Island VA, Accomack co. in 1955. It is known from 14 VA counties, including 3 sites adjacent to, or nearby Chesapeake Bay tributaries. It also ranges west into the Piedmont and Mountain regions (Hoffman and Slater 1995; Hoffman 1996).
Records on or near Chesapeake Bay tidal waters are: Benjamin Harrison Bridge (Charles City County)/VA/James River; Suffolk City/VA/Hampton Roads drainage (nontidal); Caroline County/VA/York River drainage (nontidal).
History References- Mikkola and LaFontaine 1994; Hoffman and Slater 1995; Hoffman 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-meso |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
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| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
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| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Holocranum saturejae, a cattail seed-bug, has no known economic impacts in Chesapeake Bay. Typha spp. (Cattails), its host plants, have both positive and negative impacts on the Bay, but the effect of this insect on their populations is unknown.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Holocranum saturejae, a cattail seed-bug, has no known economic impacts in North America. Typha spp. (Cattatils) , its host plants, have both positive and negative impacts throughout their range, but the effect of this insect on their populations is unknown.
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Holocranum saturejae is an introduced true bug which feeds on the seed-heads of the native cattails Typha latifolia and T. dominguense, as well as the introduced T. angustifolia (Hoffman and Slater 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999). Its abundance in the Chesapeake Bay region is unknown, as are its effects on cattails and native cattail-feeding insects.
References- Hoffman and Slater 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Holocranum saturejae is an introduced true bug which feeds on the seed-heads of the introduced T. angustifolia (Hoffman and Slater 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999), as well as the native cattails Typha latifolia and T. dominguense. Its abundance in the Chesapeake Bay region is unknown, as are its effects on cattails and native cattail-feeding insects. References- Hoffman and Slater 1996; Wheeler and Stoops 1999
References
Grace, James B.; Harrison, Janet S. (1986) The biology of Canadian weeds. 73. Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L. and Typha xglauca Godr., Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 361-379Hoffman, Richard L. (1996) Seed bugs of Virginia (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), The insects of Virginia. 14: 1-86
Hoffman, Richard L.; Slater, James A. (1995) Holocranum saturejae, a Palearctic cattail bug established in Eastern United States and tropical Africa (Heteroptera:Lygaeidae: Artheneinae), Banisteria 5: 12-15
Mikkola, Kauri; LaFontaine, J. Donald (1994) Recent introductions of riparian noctuid moths from the Palearctic region to North America, with the first report of Apamea unanimis (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Amphipyrinae)., Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48: 121-127
Wheeler, A. G., Jr.; Stoops, Craig A. (1999) Chilacis typhae (Perrin) and Holocranum saturejae (Kolenati) (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea: Artheneidae): first western North American records of two Palearctic cattail bugs., Pan-Pacific Entomologist 75: 52-54