Description
Other Taxonomic Groupings - S. e. erythropthalmus is the widespread European form; the subspecies S.e. scardafa is found in Italy, and S. e. racovitizai in Rumania (Cadwallader 1977).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Cypriniformes | Cyprinidae | Scardinius |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Established | Expanding | Introduced | Unconfirmed | Europe | Eurasia | Fisheries(Discarded Bait) |
History of Spread
Scardinius erythropthalmus (Rudd) is native to Great Britain and Europe east to the Ural and Emba Rivers, Asia Minor, Caucasia, and Transcaucasia, south coast of Caspian, Finland (to 63 N), Aral Sea Basin, but is absent from Ireland, Greece, and Spain (Courtenay et al. 1984).Scattered introductions of S. erythropthalmus (Rudd), presumably as a sport fish, were made in the early 20th century. This fish was reported from Philadelphia PA (Fowler 1919), Central Park, New York NY (1879), Jersey City NJ (1925), Columbia County NY (1937), Ithaca NY (1950's). It was introduced to Waudesha County WI (1917) by WI Fish and Game Deptartment. In 1984, the only known North American populations were in Columbia County NY and a lake near Augusta ME (Courtenay et al. 1984; Mills et al. 1993).
In the early 1980's, Rudd began to be extensively reared and shipped by bait dealers in AR. Fisheries biologists and regulatory agencies were unaware of the extensive introduction of this species until 1988 (Burkhead and Williams 1992). By 1996 it was known from 18 states and Canada: AL, AR, CT, KS, IL, MA, ME, MO, MS, NY, OK, PA, SD, TX, VA, VT, WI and WV (Crossman et al. 1992; Easton et al. 1993; Florida Caribbean Science Center 2000). It is established in Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and Oneida Lake NY (Mills et al. 1993).
In the Chesapeake Bay watershed, S. erythropthalmus was reared and distributed by Perry's Minnow Farm, Windsor VA (James-Dismal Swamp drainage). It has been collected in the upper Susquehanna (NY, PA) Potomac, York, and Rappahannock drainages, and in the New River WV (Ohio drainage) (Easton et al. 1993). Rudd were sold as bait-fish in PA, prior to 1990, when bait dealers were notified of its illegal status in that state. A subsequent survey of bait shops found no Rudd. Since Rudd are a legal baitfish in NY, introduction to the Susquehanna is possible there (Lo Vullo and Stauffer 1993). Scardinius erythropthalmus is established in Otsego and Canadaroga lakes, in the Susquehanna's headwaters, and could be breeding in other locations in the watershed as well (Florida Caribbean Science Center 2002).
This species has been introduced to New Zealand (Cadwallader 1977).
History References - Burkhead and Williams 1991; Cadwallader 1977; Courtenay et al. 1984; Crossman et al. 1992; Easton et al. 1993; Florida Caribbean Science Center 2000; Fowler 1919; LoVullo and Stauffer 1993; Mills et al. 1993; Mills et al. 1997
Invasion Comments
Native Region - Great Britain and Europe east to the Ural and Emba Rivers, Asia Minor, Caucasia, and Transcaucasia, south coast of Caspian, Finland (to 63 N), Aral Sea Basin, absent from Ireland, Greece, and Spain (Courtenay et al. 1984).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 0.0 | 38.0 | 16.0 | |
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 11.0 | 0.0 | |
| Oxygen | hypoxic | |||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 120.0 | 120.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 300.0 | 300.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 480.0 | 480.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | 17.0 | |
| Typical Longevity (yrs | 7.0 | 7.0 |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Scardinius erythropthalmus (Rudd) is not present in the Chesapeake Bay proper, but is established in the upper watershed in NY state. Rudd were reared for a time in the Bay watershed at Perry's Minnow Farm, Windsor VA (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). They have been sold as baitfish in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (Easton et al. 1993; Lo Vullo and Stauffer 1993), but their sale is illegal in all watershed states except NY.
References - Easton et al. 1993; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Lo Vullo and Stauffer 1993
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Scardinius erythropthalmus (Rudd) are a popular as a small readily caught sportfish in western Europe, and widely fished commercially in eastern Europe, though their flesh is 'bony and not very palatable' (Cadwallader 1977).
In the early 1980's, Rudd began to be extensively reared and shipped by bait dealers in AR, largely as bait for stocked Striped Bass in inland reservoirs (Burkhead and Williams 1991; Easton et al. 1993). Economic impacts of a successful invasion would probably be small. The major concerns appear to be ecological, concerning hybridization with or replacement of the native Golden Shiner (Burkhead and Williams 1991).
Rudd have been introduced to at least 20 U.S. states (Fuller et al. 1999), to North Africa, and New Zealand (Lever 1996).
References - Cadwallader 1977; Burkhead and Williams 1991; Easton et al. 1993; Fuller et al. 1999; Lever 1996
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Scardinius erythropthalmus (Rudd) has not yet reached Chesapeake Bay, though it is present in the watershed. Potential impacts include:
Competition - Scardinius erythropthalmus is closely related to the Golden Shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucas), and is similar in behavior and habitat preferences (Burkhead and Williams 1991). Competition with this species is likely, but has not yet been studied.
Herbivory - Rudd are important herbivores in European lakes, feeding on algae, submersed and some emergent plants, (However; they pick individual leaves, which may actually enhance plant growth). Rudd rarely uproot or damage plants seriously as Grass Carp or Common Carp do (Prejs 1984).
Bioturbation - Bioturbation is likely, as with Goldfish, which have similar feeding habits (Richardson et al. 1995), but effects are likely to be smaller than those of Common Carp, which are larger and root more.
Food - Used as baitfish for Striped Bass in reservoirs (Easton et al. 1993).
Hybridization - Rudd hybridize with native Golden Shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucas) in experimental ponds. Karyotypic differences suggest that some of the hybrids may be infertile (Burkhead and Williams 1991).
References - Burkhead and Williams 1991; Crivelli 1983; Easton et al. 1993; Richardson et al. 1995; Prejs 1984
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Scardinius erythropthalmus ( Rudd) has not yet reached Chesapeake Bay, though it is present in the watershed. Potential impacts on other introduced species include:
Herbivory - Rudd probably eat introduced submerged aquatic vegetation species such asHydrilla veticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Egeria densa, Potamogeton crispus, and Najas minor ,since they eat similar plants in Europe (Prejs 1984). Their herbivory is probably minor compared to the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Bioturbation - Bioturbation by Rudd probably has adverse effects on introduced as well as native plant species. These effects are probably minor compared to the Common Carp's.
Food/Prey - Rudd is a likely prey for predatory fishes such as Largemouth and Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus spp.), Crappies (Pomoxis spp.) etc, as indicated by its use as a baitfish (Easton et al. 1993).
References - Easton et al. 1993; Prejs 1984
References
Burkhead, Noel M.; Williams, James D. (1991) An intergeneric hybrid of a native minnow, the golden shiner, and an exotic minnow, the rudd, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120: 781-795Cadwallader, P. L. (1977) Introduction of Rudd, Scardinius erythropthalmus into New Zealand 1. Review of the ecology of rudd and the implications of its introduction into New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Technical Report 147: 1-18
Courtenay, Walter R., Jr.; Hensley, Dannie A.; Taylor, Jeffrey; McCann, James A. (1984) Distribution of exotic fishes in the continental United States., In: Courtenay, Walter R., and Stauffer, Jay R.(Eds.) Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. , Baltimore, MD. Pp.
Crivelli, Alain J. (1983) The destruction of aquatic vegetation by carp., Hydrobiologia 106: 37-41
Crossman, E. J.; Holm, E.; Tuiniga, K. (1992) First record for Canada of the rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, and notes on the introduced round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, Canadian Field-Naturalist 106: 206-209
Easton, Robert S.; Orth, Donald J.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) The first collection of rudd, Scardinius erythropthalmus, in the New River, West Virginia, Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8: 263-264
1996 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/
Fowler, Henry W. (1919) A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 32: 49-74
Fuller, Pam. L.; Nico, Leo; Williams, J. D. (1999) Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States, , Bethesda MD. Pp.
Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Virginia., , Bethesda, MD. Pp.
LoVullo, Thomas J.; Stauffer, Jay R. (1993) The retail bait-fish industry in Pennsyvania- source of introduced species, Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 67: 13-15
Mills, Edward L.; Leach, Joseph H.; Carlton, James T.; Secor, Carol L. (1993) Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions., Journal of Great Lakes Research 19: 1-54
Mills, Edward L.; Scheuerell, Mark D.; Carlton, James T.; Strayer, David (1997) Biological invasions in the Hudson River: an inventory and historical analysis., New York State Museum Circular 57: 1-51
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Prejs, Andrzej (1984) Herbivory by temperate freshwater fishes and its consequences, Environmental Biology of Fishes 10: 281-296
Richardson, M. J.; Whoriskey, F. G.; Roy, L. H. (1995) Turbidity generation and biological impacts of an exotic fish, Carassius auratus, introduced into shallow seasonally anoxic ponds, Journal of Fish Biology 47: 576-585