Description
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protista | Phaeophyta | Phaeophyceae | Dictyosiphonales | Striariaceae | Striaria |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | Established | Stable | Introduced | Regular Resident | Western Atlantic | Eastern Atlantic | Shipping(Fouling Community. Ballast Water); Natural Dispersal(Natural Dispersal) |
History of Spread
The brown alga Striaria attenuata was listed by Taylor (1937, 1957) as being among a group of 'exotic' seaweeds which appear to have been recent arrivals in the flora of MA, and presumably, on the Atlantic Coast of North America generally. Its range on the European coast, its presumed native region, is from northern Spain to Norway, including the western Mediterranean (Caram and Nygren 1970; South and Tittley 1986). As of the late 19th century, S. attenuata was known from only one Northwest Atlantic collection (Bailey 1848; Harvey 1853; cited by Farlow 1881), but by 1937, it was known to occur from Staten Island to southern MA (Taylor 1937). Its present East Coast range is Newfoundland to NC (South and Tittley 1986; Schneider and Searles 1991). It was apparently first collected in NC after 1957. Since seaweed collections in NC began in the late 19th century (Schneider and Searles 1991), Striaria attenuata appears to have been a recent arrival there. This alga has been collected in Australia and New Zealand, where it probably has been introduced by shipping (Skinner and Womersly 1983).
Chesapeake records:
Bay Mouth and Ocean Region Northwards- Striaria attenuata was first collected in Burton's Bay VA in winter of 1968 (Rhodes 1970). It was later collected in Chincoteague Inlet and in a marsh at Ocean City MD (Ott 1973), and on Smith Island, Northampton County VA, just outside the mouth of Chesapeake Bay in 1971-1973 (Zaneveld and Willis 1976; Humm 1979)
History References - Caram and Nygren 1971; Farlow 1881; Humm 1979; Ott 1973; Rhodes 1970; Schneider and Searles 1991; Skinner and Womersly 1983; South and Tittley 1986; Taylor 1937; Taylor 1957; Zaneveld and Willis 1976
Invasion Comments
First Record - The date of arrival of this alga is unknown because systematic collections of macroalgae, in Chesapeake Bay, did not start until the 1960's.
Invasion Status- Taylor (1957) notes that of all the Atlantic coastline regions, only MA has a sufficiently long record of seaweed collections to detect early introductions. It is possible that S. attenuata simply increased in abundance or extended its range, but its apparent introduction to Australia and New Zealand and its apparently recent appearance in NC (Fiore 1969; cited by Schneider and Searle 1991), a region with a longer history of macroalgal studies than the Chesapeake, all support introduced status.
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | -2.0 | 32.0 | 15.0 | |
| Salinity (‰) | 4.0 | 45.0 | 15.0 | 45.0 |
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | poly-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 60.0 | 60.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 70.0 | 70.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 500.0 | 500.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Typical Longevity (yrs | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Striaria attenuata has no known economic impacts in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Striaria attenuata is apparently uncommon to rare in its probable introduced ranges in North America, Australia, and New Zealand (Skinner and Womersley 1983; Taylor 1957). No ecological impacts of its introduction have been reported.
References - Skinner and Womersley 1983; Taylor 1957
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Striaria attenuata appears to be relatively rare in the Chesapeake Bay region. Its ecological impacts on native species are unknown.
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Impacts of Striaria attenuata on other introduced seaweeds or fauna in the Chesapeake Bay region are unknown.
References
Bold, Harold C.; Wynne, Michael J. (1978) Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, , Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Pp.Caram, B.; Nygren, S. (1970) A propos de la reproduction comparee en France et en Suede d'une Pheophycee-Pheosporee: le Striaria attenuata, Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 20: 130-135
Caram, Bernadette (1965) Recherches sur la reproduction et le cycle sexue de quelques pheophycees, Vie et Milieu, Series A 16: 21-221
Farlow, W. G. (1881) Marine Algae of New England, , Washington, D.C.. Pp.
Humm, Harold J. (1979) The Marine Algae of Virginia, , Charlottesville. Pp.
Nygren, Sven (1975) Influence of salinity on the growth and distribution of some Phaeophyceae on the Swedish west coast, Botanica Marina 18: 143-147
Ott, Franklyn D. (1973) The marine algae of Virginia and Maryland including the Chesapeake Bay area, Rhodora 75: 258-296
Peters, A. F., Breeman, A. M. (1993) Temperature tolerance and latitudinal range of brown algae from temperate South America, Marine Biology 115: 143-150
Peters, Akira F. (1991) Primer registro de Striaria attenuata (Phaeophyceae, Dictyosiphonales) en Sudamerica y su ciclo de vida wn cultivos de laboratorio., Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 64: 261-269
Rhodes, Russell G. (1970) Seasonal occurrence of marine algae on an oyster reef in Burton's Bay, Virginia, Chesapeake Science 11: 61-71
Schneider, Craig W.; Searles, Richard B. (1991) Seaweeds of the Southeastern United States, , Durham. Pp.
Skinner, S.; Womersly, H. B. S. (1983) New records (possibly introductions) of Striaria, Stictysiphon, and Arthrocladia (Phaeophyta) for southern Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 107: 59-68
South, G. Robin; Tittley, Ian (1986) A checklist and distributional index of the benthic marine algae of the North Atlantic Ocean., , St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and London. Pp.
Taylor, William Randolph (1937) Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America, , Ann Arbor. Pp.
Taylor, William Randolph (1957) Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America, , Ann Arbor. Pp.
Zaneveld, Jacques S.; Willis, William M. (1976) Marine algae of the American coast between Cape May, N. J. and Cape Hatteras, N. C. III. The Phaeophycophyta, Botanica Marina 19: 33-46