Description
Classifications of the planktonic algae vary enormously among authors. Diatoms are often treated as either a phylum of their own (e.g. Bacillariophyta, Rounds 1981), or as members of phylum or a division ['Chromophyta' of Hasle and Syvertsen (1996); 'Chrysophycophyta' of Bold and Wynne (1978)]. Divisions within the diatoms also vary, the order here called Biddulphiales (Hasle and Syvertsen 1996) is frequently called 'Centrales', and referred to as 'centric diatoms'.
Synonymy - The diatoms now in the genus Trieres were separated from the genus Biddulphia, and later from Odontella on the basis of the ultrastructural features visible with the scanning electron microscope. There still seems to be controversy about which species belong to Odontella and which should be retained in Biddulphia or Trieres (Hasle and Syvertsen 1996; Ashworth et al. 2015; Lavigne et al. 2015).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protista | Bacillariophyta | Bacillariophyceae | Biddulphiales | Eupoodiscaeae | Odontella |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | Established | Stable | Introduced | Regular Resident | Eastern Atlantic | Western Pacific | Shipping(Ballast Water) |
History of Spread
The diatom Trieres chinensis (as Biddulphia chinensis, 'corrected' by later authors to B. sinensis) was described from Hong Kong Harbor by Greville in 1866. It was subsequently found in the Red Sea, coastal waters of India, Gulf of Siam (Thailand), Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and so appears to have a broad Indo-Pacific distribution (Guillard and Killham 1977; Ostenfeld 1909).
Trieres chinensis was first found in the Atlantic Ocean in Danish waters of the Skaggerak in 1903, and spread sporadically into the adjacent North Sea (Ostenfeld 1908; Ostenfeld 1909). It was first recorded off Plymouth, England in 1909, and in the same year was found off the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea by Lebour (Johnstone et al. 1924). Trieres chinensis became well-established in European coastal waters, primarily the western Baltic and southern North Sea (Jahnke and Bauman 1983; Johnstone et al. 1924; Robinson 1961). Hasle and Syvertsen (1996) describe the current distribution of T. chinensis as 'cosmopolitan?'.
Trieres chinensis apparently had also become established in the southwest Atlantic, off Uruguay, by 1952 (Mueller-Melchers 1952, cited by Jahnke and Bauman 1983). This diatom was absent from a number of phytoplankton studies for the East Coast of the United States, including early Chesapeake Bay studies (Wolfe et al. 1926; Cowles 1930), and Hustedt's study (1955) of diatoms of Beaufort NC. The earliest records which we have found in the Northwest Atlantic are for Chesapeake Bay in 1960-1962 (Mulford 1962; Mulford 1963; Patten et al. 1963). Trieres chinensis was reported from the Gulf Coast of Florida in 1964-66 (Saunders and Wahlquist 1966), in shelf waters off the southeast coast of the United States (Cape Hatteras-Cape Sable FL (Marshall 1971), in the Cape Fear Estuary NC (Carpenter 1971), and shelf waters between Cape Charles VA, and Cape May NJ (Marshall 1982; Marshall and Cohn 1987a). It is present in Narragansett Bay RI and on Georges Bank (Hargraves 1998). While T. chinensis is a well-defined species, the variation of taxonomic skills of different workers is a source of uncertainty in its history and distribution ( Hargraves 1998 personal communication).
Chesapeake Bay records of T. chinensis are summarized below:
Adjacent Atlantic waters - In 1979-1981 cruises, O. chinensis was found in near-shore (within 35 km) and far-shore stations (85-130 km offshore) stations between Cape Henry VA and Cape May NJ (Marshall and Cohn 1987a). In 1980, T. chinensis was absent in the Chesapeake Bay plume, but present in adjacent Continental shelf waters (Marshall 1982).
Lower Bay - In a sampling program run between January 1960, and December 1961, T. chinensis was collected in the lower Bay from the mouth to 7 miles (12 km) upstream (Mulford 1962; Mulford 1963; Patten et al. 1963). In 1977-1978, this diatom was collected just inside Cape Charles VA, in Old Plantation Creek and adjacent Bay waters (Marshall 1980). Griffith (1961) mentioned unpublished records of Richard C. Whaley, Chesapeake Bay Institute, for this species, but gave no location.
History References - Carpenter 1971; Cowles 1930; Griffith 1961; Guillard and Kilham 1977; Hasle and Syvertsen 1996; Hargraves 1998 personal communication; Hustedt 1955; Jahnke and Bauman 1983; Marshall 1971; Marshall 1982; Marshall and Cohn 1987a; Mulford 1962; Mulford 1963; Ostenfeld 1908; Ostenfeld 1909; Patten et al. 1963; Robinson 1965; Saunders and Wahlquist 1966; Wolfe et al. 1926
Invasion Comments
Vector(s) of Introduction - Ballast water seems the likeliest vector for introduction of O. sinensis into Atlantic waters. Living cells of Trieres spp. are commonly seen in ballast water samples (Hallegraeff and Bolch 1992; Kelly 1993; Ruiz et al. unpublished).
Invasion Status - Coscinodiscus wailesii and Trieres chinensis seem to have appeared in several well-studied areas in the northwest Atlantic, including Narragansett Bay, Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Maine, since World War II, although accuracy of identification by different workers is a source of uncertainty (Hargraves personal communication 1998).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 1.0 | 27.2 | ||
| Salinity (‰) | 2.0 | 35.3 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | oligo-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Trieres chinensis appears to be a small component of the phytoplankton community in Chesapeake Bay, and no problems appear to have been associated with it.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
The invasion of Trieres chinensis in European coastal waters is well-documented (Johnstone 1924; Ostenfeld 1909) but does not appear to have been associated with significant economic costs.
References - Johnstone 1924; Ostenfeld 1909
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Impacts of the invasion of Trieres chinensis in Chesapeake Bay and the northwest Atlantic have not been studied. The generally low abundance of this species suggests that impacts have not been significant.
In European coastal waters, Trieres chinensis rapidly became an important component of the phytoplankton community (Johnstone et al. 1924; Ostenfeld 1909; Robinson 1965). Johnstone et al. (1924) documented changes in phytoplankton composition during the T. chinensis invasion and concluded that the new diatom had little effect on the phytoplankton community, since it reached maximum density in November, when other species were in a seasonal decline. However, Williamson (1986; 1987) performed a statistical (principal components) analysis of these data and found that T. chinensis had significant effects on the whole plankton community composition. The effect of competition with T. chinensis was smaller than the components which described the seasonal cycle of temperature and nutrients, but was the most significant interaction among species expressed in the variance of the data. These effects were weak and indirect, increasing the abundance of some species and decreasing others (Williamson 1987).
References - Johnstone et al. 1924; Ostenfeld 1909; Robinson 1965; Williamson 1986; Williamson 1987
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Impacts of the invasion of Trireres chinensis on introduced species in Chesapeake Bay have not been studied. The low abundance of this diatom suggests that its interactions with suspension-feeding invertebrates or other phytoplankton would be rare.
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