Description
One introduced and at least four native subspecies (or varieties) of Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) are known to occur in MD and VA (Brown and Brown 1984; Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001). Since most estuarine, field records don't distinguish between subspecies, we will treat C. sepium as one cryptogenic species.
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantae | Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Solanales | Convolvulaceae | Calystegia |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1739 | Established | Stable | Cryptogenic | Boundary Resident | Europe | Eurasia | Agriculture(Agricultural Weed),Shipping(Dry Ballast) |
History of Spread
Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) in North America consists of one introduced Eurasian form (C. sepium spp. sepium) and several native subspecies or varieties (Fernald 1950; Gleason 1963; Gleason and Cronquist 1991). These subspecies are often not distinguished in collections, making the history and distribution of the introduced variety difficult to trace. Native subspecies of C. sepium are widespread throughout North America, but the introduced C. s. ssp. sepium is confined to the East, from MA and WI south to GA and AL (Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001). Specimens collected by John Clayton in VA in the 1730s were the native C. s. ssp. angulata (as C. s. var. repens) (Natural History Museum (UK) 2001). Nonetheless, an early introduction of C. s. ssp. sepium is likely. Gray (1848) distinguishes between the more common C. s. ssp. angulata (as C. s. var. repens , found 'on gravelly shores' and the typical European form. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) refer to the named subspecies as 'confluent', implying genetic exchange among them.
In the Chesapeake Bay region, Calystegia sepium (all subspecies) is widespread both in the watershed and in estuaries, but the identity of these plants is uncertain. Brown and Brown (1984) referred to C. s. ssp. sepium as 'the common introduced variety” . We are assuming that both native and introduced varieties occur in Chesapeake Bay estuaries, but the relative abundance and distribution of these forms requires further study. White-flowered plants in Dyke Marsh, on the Potomac River, Alexandria VA, appear to be the introduced C. s. ssp. sepium, while pink-and-white flowered plants in Rhode River (Edgewater MD) resemble the native varieties, based on illustrations in Gleason (1963) (Fofonoff, unpublished data). Calystegia sepium (all varieties) occurs in nearly all VA counties, and is widespread in MD (Brown and Brown 1984; Harvill et al. 1992). The species ranges from rare to abundant in upper zones of fresh to brackish (polyhaline) marshes in all regions of the Chesapeake Bay (Sipple 1978; Wass 1972), and in adjacent Atlantic Coastal Bays (Hill 1986; Klotz 1986).
References- Brown and Brown 1984; Fernald 1950; Gleason 1963; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Gray 1848; Harvill et al. 1992; Hill 1986; Klotz 1986; Sipple 1978; Natural History Museum (UK) 2001; Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001; Wass 1972
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-meso |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) has no known economic impacts in Chesapeake Bay proper. It may be an agricultural weed in the watershed, and may also be occasionally cultivated for its attractive flowers.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) is an important agricultural weed in North America (Agricultural Research Service 1970; Muenscher 1980). Gardening websites indicate that this plant is sometimes cultivated for its attractive flowers, despite its invasive nature.
References- Agricultural Research Service 1970; Muenscher 1980
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Both introduced and native varieties of Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) occur as vines twining on vegetation in Chesapeake Bay tidal wetlands (Brown and Brown 1984; Sipple 1987). Their effects on native biota are unknown, but shading and root competition with native plants seems possible.
References- Brown and Brown 1984; Sipple 1987
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Both introduced and native varieties of Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bindweed) occur as vines twining on vegetation in Chesapeake Bay tidal wetlands (Brown and Brown 1984; Sipple 1987). In mesohaline marshlands, C. sepium occurs abundantly on Phragmites australis (Fofonoff, personal observation). Its effects on P. australis and other cryptogenic and exotic biota are unknown. Shading and root competition with P. australis and other exotic and cryptogenic plants seems possible.
References- Brown and Brown 1984; Sipple 1987
References
Agricultural Research Service (1971) Common weeds of the United States., In: (Eds.) . , Washington, D.C.. Pp.Aikin, W. E. A. (1837) Catalogue of phenogamous plants and ferns, native or naturalized, growing in the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland., Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences and Literature 1: 55-91
Brown, Melvin L.; Brown, Russell G. (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, , College Park. Pp.
Fernald, Merritt L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A. (1963) The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur (1991) Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , Bronx, New York. Pp.
Gray, Asa (1848) A manual of botany of the northern United States., In: (Eds.) . , Boston. Pp.
Gronovius, Johannes Fredericius (1739) Flora Virginica exhibens plantas quas V. C. Johannes Clayton in Virginia observavit atque collegit., , London. Pp.
Harvill, A. M., Jr.; Bradley, T. R.; Stevens, C. E.; Weiboldt, T.F.; Ware, D.E.; Ogle, D. W. (1986) Atlas of the Virginia Flora, , Farmville, VA. Pp.
Harvill, A. M.; Bradley, Ted R.; Stevens, Charles E.; Wieboldt, Thomas F.; Ware, Donna M. E.; Ogle, Douglas W.; Ramsey, Gwynn W.; Fleming, Gary P. (1992) Atlas of the Virginia Flora, , Burkeville, VA. Pp.
Higman, Daniel (1968) An ecologically annotated checklst of the vascular flora at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology., In: (Eds.) . , Washington, D.C.. Pp.
Hill, Steven R. (1986) An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Assateague Island (Maryland and Virginia), Castanea 51: 265-305
Klotz, Larry H. (1986) The vascular flora of Wallops Island and Wallops mainland, Virginia, Castanea 51: 306-326
Krauss, R.W.; Brown, R. G.; Rappleye, R. D.; Owens, A. B.; Shearer, C.; Hsiao, E.; Reveal, J. (1971) Checklist of plant species occurring within the hightide limits of the Chesapeake Bay, and its tributaries., , College Park, Maryland. Pp.
Muenscher, Walter C. (1980) Weeds., In: (Eds.) . , Ithaca, NY. Pp.
2000 The John Clayton Herbarum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/botany/clayton
1997-2024 USDA PLANTS Database.. Onine databse
Perry, James E.; Atkinson, Robert B. (1997) Plant diversity along a salinity gradient of four marshes on the York and Pamunkey Rivers in Virginia, Castanea 62: 112-118
Philipp, Charles C.; Brown, Russell C. (1965) Ecological studies of transition-zone vascular plants in South River, Maryland, Chesapeake Science 6: 73-81
Reveal, James L. (1983) Significance of pre-1753 botanical explorations in temperate North America on Linnaeus' first edition of Species Plantarum, Phytologia 53: 1-96
Simmons, Mark P.; Ware, Donna M.; Hayden, W. John (1995) The vascular flora of the Potomac River watershed of King George County, Virginia, Castanea 60: 179-209
Sipple, William S. (1978) An atlas of vascular plant distribution species for tidewater Maryland, , Annapolis, Maryland. Pp.
Wass, Melvin L. (1972) A checklist of the biota of lower Chesapeake Bay, Special Scientific Report, Virginia Institute of Marine Science 65: 1-290