Arabella semimaculata
Overview
Scientific Name: Arabella semimaculata
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Order: Eunicida
Family: Oenonidae
Genus: Arabella
Species:
semimaculata (itis.gov gives priority to "iricolor" as current species name, but the data is unverified and not corroborated anywhere else)
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
[A. semimaculata] California, USA, and south to Peru (Hartman 1944) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. semimaculata] California, both north and south of Point Conception (Hewatt 1946) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. semimaculata] Mexico to central California (Blake et al. 1995) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. semimaculata] Southern California Bight (Kanter 1978) STATUS NOT STATED
Tropical Eastern Pacific
[A. semimaculata] California, USA, and south to Peru (Hartman 1944) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. semimaculata] Coiba National Park (East Pacific, Panama) (López et al. 2002) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. semimaculata] Bahia Herradura, Costa Rica (Pacific coast) (Dean 2004) STATUS NOT STATED
RELATED:
Uncertain realm
[A. iricolor] Widely distributed; cosmopolitan (Carlton 2007) STATUS NOT STATED
Temperate Northern Pacific
[A. iricolor] Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay, Tomales Point, California, USA; cosmopolitan; both sides of the Americas (Hartman 1944) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. iricolor] Northern Strait of Georgia, Johnstone St, Parry Bay, Juan de Fuca Strait, BC, Canada (Burd et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED
[A. iricolor] Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada (Macdonald et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED
[Arabella sp.] Northern Strait of Georgia, Johnstone St, BC, Canada (Burd et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED
[Arabella sp.] Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada (Macdonald et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED
Temperate Northern Atlantic
[A. iricolor] Dillon Beach, Tomales Bay, Tomales Point, California, USA; cosmopolitan; both sides of the Americas (Hartman 1944) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
-120.200004577637 33.8999977111816,25 35.5 (OBIS 2016)
Northern California (Hewatt 1946 )to Panama (López et al. 2002)
General Diversity:
NF
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
Not applicable
Second Vector:
Not applicable
Vector Details:
Not applicable
Spread Rate:
Not applicable
Date First Observed in Japan:
Not applicable
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
Not applicable
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
Not applicable
Global Impact:
Not applicable
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
NF
Native Temperature Range:
NF
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
NF
Native Salinity Range:
NF
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
See details
Temperature Range Survival:
RELATED:
[Arabella iricolor] 6.716-27.332°C (OBIS, 2016)
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
NF
Temperature Range Reproduction:
NF
Salinity Regime Survival:
NF
Salinity Range Survival:
RELATED:
[Arabella iricolor] 31.893 - 38.605 PPS (OBIS, 2016)
Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal
Depth Range:
Sampled from 5 - 15 m (OBIS 2015)
[A. semimaculata] Intertidal to 80 m (Carlton 2007). Usually intertidal, occasionally found down to 46 fathoms (~84 m) (Hartman 1944)
[A. semimaculata] 4 to 8 fathoms (~7 to 15 m); 14.5 fathoms (~26.5 m) (Hartman 1966)
[A. semimaculata] Intertidal (Dean 2004)
[Aracoda semimaculata (synonymized taxon)] 10 fathoms (~ 18 m) (Moore 1911)
[A. semimaculata] Intertidal to 80 m (Blake et al. 1995)
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Intertidal to 90 m (burrows) (Carlton 2007). Intertidal to (occasionally) 46 fathoms (~84 m) (Hartman 1944)
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
Common
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
external
Reproduction Mode:
NF
Spawning Type:
NF
Development Mode:
NF
Asexual Reproduction:
Does not reproduce asexually
Reproduction Details:
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Spawns throughout summer (Richards 1967)
[A. iricolor] Many juveniles present in algal turf in August to December. Adults with gametes present from May to August (Iwasaki 1997)
[Class Polychaeta] Asexual reproduction is linked to regeneration capacity, which is restricted in polychaetes (Ansell et al. 1997)
Adult Mobility:
Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)
Adult Mobility Details:
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Free-living; may live on surface or actively burrow (Macdonald et al. 2010)
[Arabella sp.] Free-living; may live on surface or actively burrow (Macdonald et al. 2010)
Maturity Size:
Length to 165 mm, width to 2.8 mm, segments to 278 (Blake et al. 1995)
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] 70 - 200 mm (Hartman 1944)
Maturity Age:
NF
Reproduction Lifespan:
NF
Longevity:
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Likely one year (Iwasaki 1997)
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
NF
Reproduction Time:
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Spawns throughout summer (Richards 1967)
[A. iricolor] Many juveniles present in algal turf in August to December. Adults with gametes present from May to August (Iwasaki 1997)
Fecundity:
NF
Egg Size:
NF
Egg Duration:
NF
Early Life Growth Rate:
NF
Adult Growth Rate:
NF
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
NF
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Coastal shore, Sediment subtidal, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, See details
Habitat Type:
Epibenthic,
See details
Substrate:
Sand,
Mixed (fine?) sediments, Rock, Biogenic
Exposure:
NF
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
[A. semimaculata] Rocks and mixed sediments (Carlton 2007)
[A. semimaculata] Mussel beds (Kanter 1978)
[A. semimaculata] Coarse greenish gray sand with flocculent debris (Hartman 1966)
[Aracoda semimaculata (synonymized taxon)] Fine gray sand and rocks (Moore 1911)
[A. semimaculata] Sand and rocks; mixed sediments (Blake et al. 1995)
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Rocky habitats, crevices, oysters and mussel beds; with algae and debris; mixed sediments (burrows) (Carlton 2007)
[A. iricolor] Found in crevices where sediment accumulates; muddy gravel; among roots of Phyllospadix (surfgrass) (Kozloff 1993)
[A. iricolor] Mussel beds, rocky crevices, gravel beds, holdfasts (Hartman 1944)
[A. iricolor] Free-living; may live on surface or actively burrow (Macdonald et al. 2010)
[Arabella sp.] Free-living; may live on surface or actively burrow (Macdonald et al. 2010)
Trophic Level:
NF
Trophic Details:
RELATED:
[A. iricolor] Subsurface predatory carnivore, feeds on live benthic meio-organisms (organisms retained on a <500 µm seive) (Macdonald et al. 2010)
[A. iricolor] Eat small mussels and barnacles, likely killed by secreted mucus (Iwasaki 1997)
[Arabella sp.] Subsurface predatory carnivore, feeds on live benthic meio-organisms (organisms retained on a <500 µm seive) (Macdonald et al. 2010)
Forage Mode:
NF
Forage Details:
NF
Natural Control:
NF
Associated Species:
NF
References and Notes
References:
Ansell AD, Gibson RN & Barnes M (1997) Oceanography and Marine Biology, Volume 35. CRC Press. London, UK.
Blake JA, Hilbig B, Scott PH (1995) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel, Volume 5: Annelida, Part 2: Polychaeta (Phyllodocida, [Syllidae and Scale-Bearing Families], Amphinomida and Eunicida). Santa Barbara, California: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Burd BJ, McGreer E, Taekema B, Macdonald TA (2009) Utility of large regional databases for understanding abundance and diversity characteristics of natural marine soft substrate fauna. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2859. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340084.pdf
Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd
Dean HK (2004) Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica: Class Polychaeta (Annelida). Revista de biologÃa tropical 52(supplement 2): 131-181. http://rbt.biologia.ucr.ac.cr/attachments/suppls/sup52-2%20EACRIII/14-Dean.pdf
Fauchald K (1970) Polychaetous annelids of the families Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Iphitimidae, Arabellidae, Lysaretidae and Dorvilleidae from western Mexico. In: Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions No. 5. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/3457/AHMMBFauchald1970B.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=16&y=12&sn=Arabella+semimaculata&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 15-09-2015
Hartman O (1944) Polychaetous Annelids. Part VI, Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae, Ctenodrilidae, and Sabellariidae. In: Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Vol. 10. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California. http://ia700406.us.archive.org/12/items/allanhancockpaci10alla/allanhancockpaci10alla.pdf
Hartman O (1966) Quantitative survey of the benthos of San Pedro basin, Southern California, part II, final results and conclusions. In: Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Vol. 19, No. 2. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California.
Hewatt WG (1946) Marine Ecological Studies on Santa Cruz Island, California. Ecological Monographs 16(3): 185-210. www.jstor.org/stable/1948649?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Iwasaki K (1997) Vertical distribution and life cycle of two free-ranging polychaetes on a rocky intertidal shore. Benthos Research 52(1): 47-60. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/benthos1996/52/1/52_1_47/_pdf
Kanter RG (1978) Biogeographic Patterns in Mussel Community Distribution from the Southern California Bight. In: 2nd California Islands Multidisciplinary Symposium. Pages 341-355. repository.library.csuci.edu/bitstream/handle/10139/1096/Kanter1978Biogeographic~.pdf?sequence=1
Kozloff EN (1993) Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press
López E, Cladera P, San MartÃn G, Laborda A, Aguado MT (2002) Polychaete assemblages inhabiting intertidal soft bottoms associated with mangrove systems in Coiba National Park (East Pacific, Panama). Wetlands Ecology and Management 10(3): 233-242. link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020179830880
Macdonald TA, Burd BJ, Macdonald VI, van Roodselaar A (2010) Taxonomic and Feeding Guild Classification for the Marine Benthic Macroinvertebrates of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2874. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340580.pdf
Moore JP (1911) The Polychætous Annelids Dredged by the USS "Albatross" off the Coast of Southern California in 1904: III. Euphrosynidæ to Goniadidæ. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 63(2): 234-318. www.jstor.org/stable/4063380?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 07-01-2016
Richards TL (1967) Reproduction and development of the polychaete Stauronereis rudolphi, including a summary of development in the superfamily Eunicea. Marine Biology 1(2): 124-133. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00386517
Literature:
Little or no information; expert opinion based on general knowledge
Notes:
itis.gov gives priority to "iricolor" as current species name, but the data is unverified and not corroborated anywhere else