Arca navicularis

Overview

Scientific Name: Arca navicularis

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Arcida

Family: Arcidae

Genus: Arca

Species:

navicularis [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Western Indo-Pacific Yemen, Red Sea; coastline from Midi to Al Salif, and Gulf of Aden, Aden Harbor (Abubakr 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Indian Ocean] Madagascar (Okutani ed. 2000) Seychelles, Indian Ocean (Lewis et al. 1966) STATUS NOT STATED The Red Sea, and Shimoni, Kenya (Jones et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Inhaca Island, Mozambique (Macnae et al. 1962) STATUS NOT STATED East Africa, Madagascar, Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea (Vongpanich 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Indian Ocean (Vongpanich 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Taiwan] Kenting National Park (Lee & Chao 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [China] South China Sea (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Philippines] Sarangani Province (Manzo et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED [South China Sea] Vietnam (Thao 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Malololailai, Fiji (Kobluk et al. 1993) STATUS NOT STATED Only distributed around Kin Bay and Nakagusuku Bay area in Okinawa Island. (Okinawa prefecrural government 2005) New Caledonia; Indo-Pacific species (Lutaenko et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Queensland, Australia (Jones et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Dampier, Western Australia (Jones et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Ambonia, Queensland, Thailand (Gulf of Thailand) (Vongpanich 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia [Australia] Moreton Bay (Davie et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Moreton Bay, Australia (Jones et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific, [Japan] Boso Peninsula to the south (Okutani ed. 2000) Uncertain status Indo-West Pacific (Jones et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Northern Pacific (Vongpanich 1996) STATUS NOT STATED RELATED: [Family Arcidae] Wakasa and Mutsu Bay, Yeongil and Peter the Great Bay (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Seychelles, Indian Ocean; 4 to 6° S and 54 to 57° E (Lewis et al. 1966) Cambodia, Gulf of Thailand, Kampong Bay, 10º 51' N, 103º 09' E. (Lutaenko et al. 2007) Geographic coverage: 31 -30,153.5 22.7000007629395 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) [Japan] 0º and nortwards up to 35ºN along the Pacific coast and up to 37ºN along the Japan Sea coast of Japan. (Inaba 1982)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

20.637 - 27.753 ℃ (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) *location not specified Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] mainly occuring in tropical and subtropical seas (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

34.301 - 35.557 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) *location not specified Polyhaline, euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

20.637 - 27.753 ℃ (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) *location not specified Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] mainly occuring in tropical and subtropical seas (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Worm temperate, Subtropical, Toropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Worm temperate, Subtropical, Toropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

34.301 - 35.557 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) *location not specified Low: It is needed more than 20 psu for their survival, High: It is confirmed to be able to survive until 35 psu. (Thao 2010)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Salinity range from 30-35psu can be applied for broodstock maintenance. (Thao 2010)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

[reef in Сam Ranh Bay, Vietnam] 3 m to 6m (range extended horizontally 20 - 30 m) (Laytpov 2012) [Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia] 6.5 m (Jones et al. 2009) Sample depth: 13 - 106 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) [Inhaca Island sand flats, Mozambique] infralittoral fringe; always under water, except for the lowest tides; organisms fully aquatic; cannot withstand desiccation (Macnae et al. 1962) [Japan] From intertidal to 20m depth (Okutani ed. 2000) [China] From intertidal to 51m depth (Zhongyan ed. 2004) [Philippines, Australia] Intertidal (Manzo et al. 2014, Davie et al. 2010) RELATED: [Arca sp.] most are shallow water bivalves in intertidal zone; but genus has a wide depth range; 9 species (more than half of recent species) were found below 50 m (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare, Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious; planktonic larva (type unspecified); does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca boucardi] veliger larvae; larvae are identical in shell shape, eye point, and hinge structure to [Family Mytilidae] larvae (Kulikova et al. 1987) [Arca boucardi] sperm head is barrel-shaped; 5 mitochondria in mid-section ; [Family Arcidae] sperm head is bullet- or barrel-shaped; 4-5 mitochondria in mid-section (Drozdov 2009) [Bivalvia] without copulatory organs, only suited for external insemination; release gametes into water, where fertilization occurs. gamete structure designed for necessity of water movement: spermatozoa have long tail; well developed mitochondria; acrosomes designed to destroy egg membranes (Drozdov 2009)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

byssus fixed to substrate (sand and shell debris) (Jones et al. 2009) Attached to the substrata by their byssus (Okinawa prefecrural government 2005) Facultatively mobile (Species with limited mobility, in particular to repositioning themselves in response to environmental disturbances (e.g., sea anemones)) (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] sessile; byssally attached bivalves (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

RELATED: [Bivalvia] Spawning occurs from early summer to autumn is common for bivalves are in temperate or tropical zone. (Sumikawa 1994)

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Bivalvia] Among several reproduction cues including wave shock, the change of salinity, lunar age and tidal rhythm, the change of the water temperature is the most important factor. (Orton 1920 and etc., cited in Sumikawa 1994)

Reproduction Time:

RELATED: [Bivalvia] spawning occurs from early summer to autumn is common for bivalves are in temperate or tropical zone. (Sumikawa 1994)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

NF

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

[Queensland, Australia] specimen was > 47 mm in length; two valves separate as shell grows, making mantle cavity more spacious; a 9.1 mm long shell is 4.4 mm wide (height: width ratio of 1 : 0.48); a shell 51.1 mm long is 26.0 mm wide (a height: width ratio of 1 : 0.51) (Jones et al. 2009) specimens 36.8 mm in length; 36.1 mm; 63.7 mm; 61.7 mm (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Malololailai, Fiji Islands] percent abundance of A. navicularis in 1983: 2.46%; 1984 after 1983 hurricane: 0.4% (Kobluk et al. 1993)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Coral reef, Sediment subtidal

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Sand, Rock, Gravel, Biogenic

Exposure:

Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Hon Nai reef in Сam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, South China Sea] colonies of Porites and Platygyra inhabited by A. navicularis; 3 m to 6m (range extended horizontally 20 - 30 m) (Laytpov 2012) Epibenthic; byssus fixed to substrate (sand and shell debris) (Jones et al. 2009) [Inhaca Island sand flats, Mozambique] infralittoral fringe; always under water, except for the lowest tides; organisms fully aquatic; cannot withstand desiccation (Macnae et al. 1962) [Seychelles] A. navicularis is an important species in the Fore Reef: bottom community of prosobranch and bivalve molluscs, Heterocyathus, Heteropsammia, Echinocyanus are common; found in sediment type of Seychelles Bank (group 2: from rim to granitic islands); grain size 0.06-0.70 mm; sediments typically dark, and greenish; composed of foraminifera (Globigerina, Amphistegina), ahermatypic coral remains, algal grains, echinoid plates, pteropods (Lewis et al. 1966) [Lake Nhlange, South Africa] Mid-Holocene lake cores have shell layer of A. navicularis, show palaeoenvironment of deepwater lagoon (Wright et al. 1999) [Japan] Found attached by the byssus to gravels, corals, and dead corals at lower intertidal to shallow subtidal zone of the inner bay. (Kubo & Okinawa prefecrural government 2005) [China] Found attached by the byssus to rocks or gravels by byssus (Zhongyan ed 2004) Semi-exposed, Protected (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

suspension feeder (Jones et al. 2009)

Forage Mode:

Selective

Forage Details:

suspension feeder; ciliary rejection currents sort food; bivalve removes pseudofaeces from its mantle cavity (Jones et al. 2009)

Natural Control:

DISTURBANCE [Disturbance] Hurricanes can cause significant decline; [Malololailai, Fiji Islands] percent abundance of A. navicularis in 1983: 2.46%; 1984 after 1983 hurricane: 0.4% (Kobluk et al. 1993)

Associated Species:

SYMBIONT [Symbiont] commensal barnacle Arcalepas brucei sp. nov.; lives inside the mantle cavity of A. navicularis; attached to shell; bivalve supplies protection and food to barnacle; up to 10 individuals / host (Jones et al. 2009)

References and Notes

References:

Abubakr MM (2004) The Republic of Yemen Marine Biotic Ecosystem. Davie et al. (2010) Assessment of long-term temporal change in the macrobenthic communities south of Peel Island, Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 54: 401-435. Drozdov AL, Sharina SN, Tyurin SA (2009) Sperm ultrastructure in representatives of six bivalve families from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 35(3): 236-241 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=34&y=5&li=7&tn=arca+navicularis&lang=EN Access Date: 28-Dec-15 and 27-Aug-2015 Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Jones D, Morton B (2009) A New Genus and Species of Barnacle (Cirripedia, Pedunculata) Commensal with Arca Navicularis Bruguière, 1789 (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Arcoidea) from Queensland, Australia, with an Analysis of the Relationship. Crustaceana. 82(7):847–68 http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.proxy.library. oregonstate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=09ee0a4e-6070-419a-b915-61381e03dfa6%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=101 Kobluk DR, Lysenko MA (1993) Hurricane Effects on Shallow-Water Cryptic Reef Molluscs, Fiji Islands. Journal of Paleontology 67(5): 798-816 http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/stable/pdf/1306043.pdf?acceptTC=true Kubo H & Kurozumi T (1995) Molluscs of Okinawa. Okinawa Shuppan Ltd., Urazoe City: 263pp. (in Japanese) Kulikova V, Kalashnikova S, Aizdaicher N (1987) Development and Shell Morphology of larvea of Arca boucardi (Mytilida, Arcidae) maintained in culture. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 66(5):770-3 Latypov Y (2012) Encrusting protected reef Hon Nai in Cam Ranh Bay in the South China Sea. Natural Science NS. 4(1):14–21. Lee S & Chao S (2004) Shallow-water marine shells from Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Collection and Research 17: 33-57. Lewis MS, Taylor JD (1966) Marine Sediments and Bottom Communities of the Seychelles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 259(1099):279–90. Lutaenko KA, Maestrati P (2007) A New Species of Arca L., 1758 (Bivalvia: Arcidae) from New Caledonia, with Comments on the Genus. The Korean Journal of Malacology 23(2):155-64 http://www.imb.dvo.ru/misc/vietnam/files/vietnam/Lutaenko_002.pdf Macnae W, Kalk M (1962) The Fauna and Flora of Sand Flats at Inhaca Island, Moçambique. Journal of Animal Ecology 31(1): 93-128 http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/stable/pdf/2334.pdf?acceptTC=true Manzo K et al. (2014) Survey and diversity of intertidal mollusks in Alabel and Maasim, Sarangani Province, Philippines. AACL Bioflux 7: 449-457. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Arca navicularis. http://iobis.org/mapper/. Access Date: 31-Dec-15 Okinawa Prefectural Government (2005) Threatened wild life in Okinawa, 2nd ed. (Animals) -Red data Okinawa-. Okinawa prefectural government: 561pp. (in Japanese) Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium (2010) Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean http://wwwimb.dvo.ru/files/Proceedings_of_China-Russia_Bilateral_Symposium_2010.pdf#page=18 Thao NTT (2010) Peproductive biology and survival of arc shell Arca navicularis at different salinities. Proceedings of th international conference. Marine biodivesity of East Asian Seas: status, challenges and sustainable development, Nha Trang, Vietnam, 2010: 24-25. Vongpanich V (1996) The Arcidae of Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 16: 177-192 Wright CI, Cooper JAG, Kilburn RND (1999) Mid Holocene Palaeoenvironments from Lake Nhlange, Northern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Coastal Research 15(4): 991-1001 Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA