Bankia bipennata

Overview

Scientific Name: Bankia bipennata

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Myida

Family: Teredinidae

Genus: Bankia

Species:

bipennata [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea status: occurring, status not stated (Clemam 2009, cited in Culha 2010) + occurring, status unknown (Borges et al. 2014) Temperate Northern Atlantic Mediterranean Sea (Clemam 2009, cited in Culha 2010) STATUS NOT STATED *(See Inv_propens: not established according to Borges et al. 2014) Archipelagos of Madeira and the Selvagens (NE Atlantic Ocean) (Segers et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Bay of Bengal, east coast of India (Rao et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India (Visakhapatnam and Madras Harbour), Indian Ocean islands (Das & Dev Roy 1980) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific Japan: Chiba Prefecture and Kagoshima (Tsunoda 1979) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Koniya, and Naha, Okinawa (Tsunoda 1979) STATUS NOT STATED Cairns, Australia and Papua New Guinea (Cookson & Scown 1999) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Geographic range: 93 10,93.1000061035156 10.1000003814697 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

status unknown in European coastal waters (Borges et al. 2014) No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Mediterranean Sea, Northeast Atlantic

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea status: occuring, but status not stated (Clemam 2009, cited in Culha 2010) + occurring, status unknown (Borges et al. 2014) * See location_origin Temperate Northern Atlantic Reported as occurring in Europe: found in driftwood in the Mediterranean and British Isles; however, never been reported as established in European coastal waters (Borges et al. 2014)

Status Date Non-native:

NF

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Natural dispersal

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Found in driftwood in the Mediterranean; however, never been reported as established in European coastal waters (Borges et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Warm temperate

Native Temperature Range:

[Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

NF

Native Salinity Range:

NF

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

Warm temperate, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Bankia spp.] 1.313 - 26.803ºC (OBIS 2016b)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Warm temperate

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline, See details

Salinity Range Survival:

[Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Bankia spp.] 33.113 - 35.609 PPS (OBIS 2016b)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Shallow subtidal (Higo et al. 1999)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

There are probably three ways in which fertilization can occur: 1) the sexual products may be extruded into the water separately, and ferilization takes place externally; 2) the sperm may be extruded into the water and then be taken into the mantle cavity of the female in the incurrent stream, in which case fertilization occurrs in the epibranchial cavity; and 3) it possibly may be direct, with the excurrent siphon of the male transferring the sperm directly into the incurrent siphon of the female and fertilization again taking place in the epibranchial cavity. (Turner 1966) Planktonic larva (type unspecified) Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) [Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] External (Miyazaki 1935) RELATED: [Bankia spp.] the genus Bankia are oviparous, releasing gametes or fertilized eggs into the water column for a lengthy planktotrophic development upward of 20 days (Culliney, 1975; Nair and Saraswathy, 1971, cited in MacIntosh et al. 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms are protandric hermaphites; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environments;  Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity by 2 months, at 2–4 mm body lengths (MacIntosh et al. 2014) [Family Teredinidae] protandrous hermaphrodites;  start as male, transform to female; cannot self-fertilize; males release sperm into the water column, which then fertilizes eggs for the female, where they are brooded in the gills to veliger stage and released; Teredo navalis and Lyrodus massa release in the early (straight-hinge) stages, spending several weeks in the plankton;  (T. bartschi, T. furcifera, and Lyrodus pedicellatus) release at an advanced stage, as pediveligers, and spend a few days in the plankton. The larvae settle as pediveligers, rapidly metamorphose, and begin boring into wood within 2-3 days; they develop a calcified shell, pallets, and burrow lining (Turner and Johnson 1971, cited in NEMESIS 2016). [Teredenidae] Broadcast, Spermcast, Not applicable spawning types. Gonochoristic/dioecious reproduction mode (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] sessile (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Size:

[South Andamans] 19 cm max. recorded length (Das & Dev Roy 1980) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity at 2–4 mm body lengths (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Age:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity by 2 months (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

RELATED: Teredo navalis can live for at least about three years in artificial sea water (Becker 1959, cited in Turner 1966)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Terenididae] Temperature and salinity are particularly important during the breeding season, each species having an optimum temperature and salinity for the spawning and survival of the young. (Turner 1966)

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

RELATED: Telado dilatata produced over 100 million eggs in one spawning (Sigerfoos 1908, cited inTurner 1966)

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] Egg size of the species with external fertilization is less than 45 μm. (Turner 1966)

Egg Duration:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] Development of the egg is rapid. It takes about 12 hours to trochophore stage. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966)

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] The trochophore stage is reached in about 12 hours and the veliger in about 24 hours. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966) However, the duration of the veliger stage varies with the species, temperature, and the availability of wood. It is about 3 to 4 weeks in Bankia setacea (Coe 1941, Quayle 1953, cited in Turner 1966) and B. gouldi, species found in temperate waters. (Sigerfoos 1908, cited in Turner 1966)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Mangrove, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Borer, Epibenthic

Substrate:

Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Bay of Bengal, east coast of India] found in canoes, boats, mangrove stumps and driftwood; marine wood-borers (Rao et al. 2014) [Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India] prefer dead stumps of mangroves, and floating logs over living mangroves (Das & Dev Roy 1980) Shipworms are highly specialized bivalves adapted for boring into wood. (Turner 1966) [Bankia kingyokuensis which is a junior synonym of B. bipennata] Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Shipworms dig long burrows in submerged wood in marine environments. They burrow by rocking and abrading the wood fibers; typically have their anterior end, with head and shells inside the burrow, and their siphons protruding. The pallets plug the burrow when the siphons are retracted (Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016) [Family Teredinidae] wood serves as both habitat and food; expansion: shipworms form short-term/competitive communities in available wood; as they grow and feed, timber decreases in size; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environment (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] obligate wood-feeders; ingest woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Forage Mode:

Specialist

Forage Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Obligate wood-feeders; ingest woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] Shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Borges LM, Merckelbach LM, Sampaio Í, Cragg SM (2014) Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters. Frontiers in zoology. 11(1):1-3. Cookson LJ, Scown DK (1999) Recent marine wood preservation research in Australia. 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. 172-195. http://www.ljcookson.com/cookson_scown_mb_review_2001_dsto.pdf Culha M (2010) The Presence of Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Teredinidae) in the Southern Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9(10):1515-8. Das AK, Dev Roy MK (1980) On the wood-boring molluscs of South Andamans, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 77 : 179-187 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 16-Sept-2015. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. MacIntosh H, de Nys R, Whalan S (2014) Contrasting life histories in shipworms: Growth, reproductive development and fecundity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 459:80-6. Miyazaki I (1935) On the development of some bivalves in Japanese waters. Identifycation for floating larvae. Journal of the College of the Fisheries 31: 1-50. (in Japanese) NEMESIS (2016) Fofonoff PW, Ruiz GM, Steves B, & Carlton JT (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/. Access Date: 24-Feb -2016 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (2016) Bankia bipennata. http://iobis.org/mapper/.  Access Date: 29-Feb-16 OBIS b. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 21-09-2016 *Note: for genus level data Rao MV, Pachu AV, Balaji M (2014) Interesting shipworm (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Teredinidae) records from India. Check List. 10(3):609-14 Segers W, Swinnen F, Abreu AD (2009) An annotated checklist of the marine molluscs from the archipelagos of Madeira and the Selvagens (NE Atlantic Ocean). Bocagiana. No. 226 http://dspace.cm-funchal.pt/bitstream/100/1630/1/Boc226-2009.pdf Tsunoda K (1979) Ecological Studies of Shipworm Attack on Wood in the Sea Water Log Storage Site. Wood Research. No. 65 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110000012815.pdf?id=ART0000336781&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1456874382&cp= Turner RD (1966) A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.: 265pp.

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA