Bankia carinata

Overview

Scientific Name: Bankia carinata

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Myida

Family: Teredinidae

Genus: Bankia

Species:

carinata [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Japan (west of Tokyo and south of Sado): Tatoku Island, Mie; Fukui; Wakayama; Hyogo; Kagoshima; Niigata (Tsunoda 1979) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Boso Peninsula along the Pacific coast to Rhukyu Island. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [China] Jiangsu, Zhejiang (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Madras, India (Srinivasan 1968) STATUS NOT STATED Bay of Bengal, east coast of India (Rao et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Phillipines (Srinivasan 1968) STATUS NOT STATED Papua New Guinea (Cookson & Scown 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Queensland, Australia (MacIntosh et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED [China] Fujian, Guandong, Guangxi, and Hainan Province. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Indonesia] Banda Sea (Turner 1966) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Boso Peninsula along the Pacific coast to Rhukyu Island. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Atlantic Archipelagos of Madeira and the Selvagens (NE Atlantic Ocean) (Segers et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Atlantic [Congo] Near Port Gentil (Turner 1966) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Indonesia and Pacific Islands (Srinivasan 1968) STATUS NOT STATED Australia (Cookson & Scown 1999) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Geographic range: -117.200004577637 -37.1000022888184,152 32.8000030517578 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) RELATED: [Bankia setacea] Bering Sea to Gulf of California (Sept 2009)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Cryptogenic in Mediterranean (Borges et al. 2014) No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Mediterranean Sea

Invasion Propens:

Temperate Northern Atlantic Cryptogenic in Mediterranean Sea; found occuring in Mediterranean, however there is no evidence of either native or introduced status (Borges et al. 2014) *Cryptogenic

Status Date Non-native:

NF

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

NF

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

NF

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

NF

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

RELATED: [Bankia setacea] causes considerable damage to untreated wood annually (Sept 2009)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[Queensland, Australia] tropical shipworm (MacIntosh et al. 2014) 3.241 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Mediterranean Sea] has high temperature requirements: 9–30°C (Borges et al. 2014) *cryptogenic status Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

[Mediterranean Sea] has high temperature requirements: 9–30°C (Borges et al. 2014) *cryptogenic status

Native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

34.609 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Mediterranean Sea] high requirements of salinity: 35–39 PSU (Borges et al. 2014) *cryptogenic status

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

3.241 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Mediterranean Sea] has high temperature requirements: 9–30°C (Borges et al. 2014) *cryptogenic status Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Bankia spp.] 1.313 - 26.803ºC (OBIS 2016b)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

34.609 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Mediterranean Sea] high requirements of salinity: 35–39 PSU (Borges et al. 2014) *cryptogenic status RELATED: [Bankia spp.] 33.113 - 35.609 PPS (OBIS 2016b)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal, Abyssal, Hadal

Depth Range:

[Queensland, Australia] collected from wood panels at 3- 10 m depths (MacIntosh et al. 2014) Sample depth: 128 - 7,270 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Banda Trench, Phillipines] Found 7,488 m down in wood dredged by the Danish Galathea Expedition in the Banda Trench (Turner 1966, cited in Quayle 1992) [Japan] 17-80 m (Higo et al. 1999) [Indonesia] 7,488 m in the Banda Sea (Turner 1966) [Congo] 250 m at near Port Gentil (Turner 1966)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare, Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

External

Reproduction Mode:

Hermaphrodite/ monoecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

NF

Reproduction Details:

[Queensland, Australia] free-spawning/ broadcast spawners; protandric hermaphrodites; male sexual maturity reached within 2 months, at lengths < 4 mm; oocytes start forming directly after the start of sperm production; individuals > 10mm in length were mature females; males reached sexual maturity at 2.5 - 4 mm; female sexual maturity reached at 8–10 mm (MacIntosh et al. 2014) There are probably three ways in which fertilization can occur: 1) the sexual products may be extruded into the water separately, and ferilization takes place externally; 2) the sperm may be extruded into the water and then be taken into the mantle cavity of the female in the incurrent stream, in which case fertilization occurrs in the epibranchial cavity; and 3) it possibly may be direct, with the excurrent siphon of the male transferring the sperm directly into the incurrent siphon of the female and fertilization again taking place in the epibranchial cavity. (Turner 1966) Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm. ) RELATED: [Bankia setacea] in first stages of development veligers resemble miniature clams (Sept 2009) [Bankia spp.] the genus Bankia are oviparous, releasing gametes or fertilized eggs into the water column for a lengthy planktotrophic development upward of 20 days (Culliney, 1975; Nair and Saraswathy, 1971, cited in MacIntosh et al. 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms are protandric hermaphites; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environments (MacIntosh et al. 2014) [Family Teredinidae] protandrous hermaphrodites;  start as male, transform to female; cannot self-fertilize; males release sperm into the water column, which then fertilizes eggs for the female, where they are brooded in the gills to veliger stage and released; the larvae settle as pediveligers, rapidly metamorphose, and begin boring into wood within 2-3 days; they develop a calcified shell, pallets, and burrow lining (Turner and Johnson 1971, cited in NEMESIS 2016).

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] sessile (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Size:

reached sexual maturity at 2–4 mm body lengths: male sexual maturity reached at 2.5 - 4 mm; female sexual maturity reached at 8–10 mm (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Age:

reached sexual maturity by 2 months: male (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

RELATED: [Terado navalis] Teredo navalis can live for at least about three years in artificial sea water (Becker 1959, cited in Turner 1966)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Terenididae] Temperature and salinity are particularly important during the breeding season, each species having an optimum temperature and salinity for the spawning and survival of the young. (Turner 1966)

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

Initial fecundity: 7500-–15,000 eggs/individual; fecundity increases steadily with body size: at body lengths up to 30 mm, produced up to 50,000 eggs per individual; adults > 100 mm in length capable of releasing > 3 million eggs (MacIntosh et al. 2014) RELATED: [Terado dilatata] Produced over 100 million eggs in one spawning (Sigerfoos 1908, cited inTurner 1966)

Egg Size:

Eggs 37.5 ± 0.68 μm in diameter (MacIntosh et al. 2014) RELATED: [Teredinidae] Egg size of the species with external fertilization is less than 45 μm. (Turner 1966) Terado navalis which retains the young within the brood pouch of the female produces larger and fewer eggs with the size of 55 to 60 μm. (Costell et al. 1957, cited in Turner 1966)

Egg Duration:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] Development of the egg is rapid. It takes about 12 hours to trochophore stage. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966)

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] The trochophore stage is reached in about 12 hours and the veliger in about 24 hours. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966) However, the duration of the veliger stage varies with the species, temperature, and the availability of wood. It is about 3 to 4 weeks in Bankia setacea (Coe 1941, Quayle 1953, cited in Turner 1966) and B. gouldi, species found in temperate waters. (Sigerfoos 1908, cited in Turner 1966)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Queensland, Australia] abundant year round (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Mangrove, Other

Habitat Type:

Borer, Epibenthic

Substrate:

Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Bay of Bengal, east coast of India] found in canoes, boats, mangrove stumps and driftwood; marine wood-borers (Rao et al. 2014) Shipworms are highly specialized bivalves adapted for boring into wood. (Turner 1966) [Bankia kogyokuensis] Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Shipworms dig long burrows in submerged wood in marine environments. They burrow by rocking and abrading the wood fibers; typically have their anterior end, with head and shells inside the burrow, and their siphons protruding. The pallets plug the burrow when the siphons are retracted (Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016) [Family Teredinidae] wood serves as both habitat and food; expansion: shipworms form short-term/competitive communities in available wood; as they grow and feed, timber decreases in size; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environment (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] obligate wood-feeders; ingest woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Forage Mode:

Specialist

Forage Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Bankia setacea] they bore into wood using teeth on their shells to rasp away at the wood; food sources are both wood and plankton (Sept 2009) [Family Teredinidae] obligate wood-feeders; ingest woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Borges LM, Merckelbach LM, Sampaio Í, Cragg SM (2014) Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters. Frontiers in zoology. 11(1):1-3. Cookson LJ, Scown DK (1999) Recent marine wood preservation research in Australia. 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling. 172-195. http://www.ljcookson.com/cookson_scown_mb_review_2001_dsto.pdf Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 17-Sept-2015. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. MacIntosh H, de Nys R, Whalan S (2014) Contrasting life histories in shipworms: Growth, reproductive development and fecundity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 459:80-6. NEMESIS (2016) Fofonoff PW, Ruiz GM, Steves B, & Carlton JT (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/. Access Date: 24-Feb -2016 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (2016) Bankia carinata. http://iobis.org/mapper/.  Access Date: 2-Mar-16 OBIS b. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 21-09-2016 *Note: for genus level data Quayle DB (1992) Marine wood borers in British Columbia. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquai. Sci. 115: 55 p. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/138806.pdf Rao MV, Pachu AV, Balaji M (2014) Interesting shipworm (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Teredinidae) records from India. Check List. 10(3):609-14 Segers W, Swinnen F, Abreu AD (2009) An annotated checklist of the marine molluscs from the archipelagos of Madeira and the Selvagens (NE Atlantic Ocean). Bocagiana. No. 226 http://dspace.cm-funchal.pt/bitstream/100/1630/1/Boc226-2009.pdf Sept JD (2009) The Beachcomber's Guide to Seashore Life in the Pacific Northwest. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing Srinivasan VV (1968) Notes on the Distribution of Wood-Boring Teredines In the Tropical Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science. 22 Tsunoda K (1979) Ecological Studies of Shipworm Attack on Wood in the Sea Water Log Storage Site. Wood Research. No. 65 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110000012815.pdf?id=ART0000336781&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1456874382&cp= Turner RD (1966) A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.: 265pp. Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA