Biflustra irregulata

Overview

Scientific Name: Biflustra irregulata

Phylum: Bryozoa

Class: Gymnolaemata

Order: Cheilostomatida

Family: Membraniporidae

Genus: Biflustra [Updated to the synonymised name Acanthodesia after database completed; entries refer to Biflustra unless otherwise noted]

Species:

irregulata (referred to as Membranipora irregulata and Acanthodesia irregulata) (Taylor and Tan 2015) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Central Indo-Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific [China] Yellow Sea (Seo and Min 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora irregulata (Synonymized taxon)] From the north to the the south of China. (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora irregulata (Synonymized taxon)] Korea, Yellow Sea. (Seo & Min 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Korea] Byeonsan beach (Seo and Min 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [China] South China Sea (Seo and Min 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Solomon Islands (Tilbrook 2006, cited in Gordon et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED [Malaysia] Pulau Betong; Balik Pulau; Batu Maung (Taylor and Tan 2015) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora irregulata (Synonymized taxon)] From the north to the the south of China. (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific [India] Bangladesh (Gordon et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED RELATED: Central Indo-Pacific [Acanthodesia cf. irregulata] Pulau Betong, Balik Pulau, and Batu Maung in Penang, Malaysia. (Taylor & Tan 2015) STATUS NOT STATED. *A species that is similar to A. irregulata, but could not be positively identified as such, was found Western Indo-Pacific [Acanthodesia cf. irregulata] Bangladesh. (Gordon et al. 2007, cited in Taylo & Tan 2015) STATUS NOT STATED. *A species that is similar to A. irregulata, but could not be positively identified as such, was found

Geographic Range:

[Western Pacific] Bangladesh to Yellow Sea [Caribbean] Solomon Islands (Tilbrook 2006, cited in Gordon et al 2007) [Membranipora irregulata (Synonymized taxon)] off Niushan Island: 26°25'N, 120°20E. (Liu 1992)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Yes (Taylor & Tan 2015)

Non-native Region:

Central Indo-Pacific

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Central Indo-Pacific Central Indo-Pacific [Acanthodesia irregulata (synonymised taxon)] Penang (Taylor & Tan 2015) *Introduced

Status Date Non-native:

Penang: October 2013. (Taylor & Tan 2015)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

NF

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

NF

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

NF

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

Pohai Bay (substituted water temperature in that of Dailian) : max 26.2ºC in summer and min 1.9ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) Daya Bay (substituted water temperature in that of Hong Kong) : max 28.5ºC in summer and min 18.1ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Tropical

Non-native Temperature Range:

Penang: max 28.5ºC in summer and min 27ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Pohai Bay (substituted salinity in that of Dailian) : max 32.0psu in dry period and min 26.9psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) Daya Bay (substituted salinity in that of Hong Kong) : max 34.0psu in dry period and min 10.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

RELATED: [Acanthodesia spp.] 7.967 - 26.626 ºC (OBIS 2016) [Biflustra spp.] 7.967 - 24.203ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

NF

Salinity Regime Survival:

See details

Salinity Range Survival:

RELATED: [Acanthodesia spp.] 32.397 - 35.563 PPS (OBIS 2016) [Biflustra spp.] 32.397 - 36.289 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

Sampled materials from 20 - 100m (Liu 1992) Chinese coast: 0-100m. (Liu 1992)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

NF

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

External

Reproduction Mode:

Hermaphrodite/monoecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

RELATED: [Membranipora] Studies on Membranipora membranacea shows that it has planktotrophic developmental pattern (Temkin 1991) [Membraniporidea] Shed numerous small eggs directlyto the sea (Hayward & Ryland 1998) and fetilize in the sea. (Mawatari 1976) These develop into shelled, planktorophic larvae, termed cyphonautes, which feed and grow during several weeks or months spent in the plankton. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Cheilostomata] Free spawning species produce the characteristic triangular cyphonautes larva. These larvae are long-lived and planktotrophic. The larval body is enclosed in a membranous shell; the size can be up to little over 1 mm. Cyphonautes larvae are not keyed out - if possible at all. (van Couwelaar 2003) [Gymnolaemates] Internal fertilization, whether intracoelomic or intraovarian, is obligatory (Temkin 1994 and 1996, cited in Ostrovsky 2013) [Gymnolaemates] Differ from most organisms in that sperm-egg fusion does not stimulate egg activation. Egg activation may not occur until "spawned" outside of maternal zooid (Temkin 1991) [Bryozoans] While sperm is spawned through pores in lophophore tentacles, eggs are usually harbored inside the body wall, and are internally fertilized by sperm, coming in on lophophore feeding currents (Brusca and Brusca 2003, cited in Rouse 2011; Kozloff 1990, cited in Rouse 2011) [Bryozoans] Colonial hermaphrodites, with testes (spermatogenic tissue) and ovaries developing either within the same zooid (zooidal hermaphroditism) or in different zooids within the same colony (zooidal gonochorism) (Ostrovsky 2013) [Bryozoans] Members of the phylum Bryozoa are hermaphroditic. Both fertilization and egg brooding may either be internal or external (Ruppert et al. 2004) [Bryozoans] The first zooid in a colony is called the ancestrula. It is from this individual that the rest of the colony will grow asexually from the budding (Hill 2001) [Bryozoa] All bryozoan colonies are hermaphroditic. Autozooids may be dioecious; or monoecious, and protandrous or protogynous. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] Reproduces asexually by budding. (Mawatari 1976)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

Colony encrusting gastropod shells (Seo and Min 2009; Liu 1992) RELATED: [Bryozoa] The abundance and taxonomic diversity of benthic bryozoan faunas are directly related to substratum. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] Bryozoans are a phylum of sessile, colonial suspension feeders found throughout the world in both marine and freshwater environments. (Tilbrook 2012)

Maturity Size:

Zooids: 0.28 - 0.3mm wide, 0.39-0.44mm long (Seo and Min 2009) Zooids: 0.40-0.56mm long, 0.22-0.36mm wide (Gordon et al. 2007) Autozooids: 0.36-0.54mm long by 0.22-0.30mm wide (Taylor and Tan 2015)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Bryozoans] Experiments often used light as a cue to collect embryos/larvae (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977) [Bryozoa] In coastal species light is an important stimulus to larval release, and many cheilostomates shed larvae during the first few hours of daylight. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] In various degrees of intensity according to the species temperature also stimulates sexual reproduction. (Winston 1977)

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Gymnolaemata] About 200µm (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Gymnolaemata] Two phases of larvae metamorphosis: first stage about 20mins; second stage 1-6 days (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Sediment subtidal, Rocky subtidal, Oyster reef, Coral reef, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epiphytic, Epizoic

Substrate:

Gravel, Cobble, Mixed fine sediment, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

NF

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Gastropod shells (Seo and Min 2009) Collected from oyster rafts and plastic in Malaysia (Taylor and Tan 2015) Mud-sandy bottom with corals, gravel, shells and gorgonians; multilaminar colony on a shell; sandy bottoms with shells; dead gorgonian (Liu 1992) B. i. can be found on bibalve shells, gastropod shells, stones, gorgonian branch, and plastic thread. (Liu 1992, Seo & Min 2009)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Bryozoans] Suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001) [Bryozoa] Many phytoplankton species are cleary unsuitable as food for bryozoans. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Cheilostomata] Main food is diatom, protozoans and etc. and unappropriate sized particles are ejected (Mawatari 1976)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Bryozoans] Suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001) [Bryozoa] Many phytoplankton species are cleary unsuitable as food for bryozoans. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Cheilostomata] Main food is diatom, protozoans and etc. and unappropriate sized particles are ejected (Mawatari 1976)

Natural Control:

RELATED: PREDATION [Predation] [Bryozoa] Browsers and grazers, including sea urchins, fish, crabs and some prosobranchs, are known to include bryozoans in their diet. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Predation] [Bryozoa] Bryozoans are also the prey of very many small, selective predators, some of which may be adapted to a very narrow spectrum of prey species. Among them opisthobranch predators of bryozoans are well known. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Predation] [Bryozoa] Other than opisthobranchs as a predator, amphipods, isopods, mites and pycnogonids have all been recorded preying on bryozoan colonies. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) EPIBIONTS [Epibionts] [Cheilostomata] It is frequently observed in Japan that several species of hydroids flourish on Cheilostomata cause damages to them. (Mawatari 1976)

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Clarke C, Hillard R, Junqueira AOR, Neto ACL, Polglaze J, Raaymakers S (2003) Ballast water risk assessment, Port of Sepetiba, Fedral Republic of Brazil. GloBallast Monograph Series 14: 1-63 + 7 Appendices. Gordon, D.P., Maruf Hossain, M.M., & Wood, T.S. (2007). The known and anticipated bryozoan diversity of Bangladesh. Journal of Taxonomy and Biodiversity Research, 1(2), 45–58 Hayward PF & Ryland JS (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa part I. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series). Barnes RSK & Crothers JH (eds.) No. 10 (Second Edition). The Linnean Society of London and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association by Field Studies Council: 366pp. Hill, K. (2001). Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved from http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Electr_bellul.htm Liu, X. (1992). On the genus Membranipora (Anasca: Cheilostomata: Bryozoa) from south Chinese seas. Raffles Bull. Zool, 40(1), 103-144. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/Raffles%20Bulletin%20of%20Zoology/Past%20Volumes/RBZ%2040(1)/40rbz103-144.pdf Mawatari S (1976) Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Animal systematics. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 35-229. (in Japanese) OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper Access date: 14-09-2016 *Note: genus level data Ostrovsky, A. N. (2013). Evolution of Sexual Reproduction in Marine Invertebrates – Example of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Dordrectht: Springer Netherlands. Doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7146-8 Rouse, S. (2011). Aetea anguina. Bryozoa of the British Isles. Retrieved from http://britishbryozoans.myspecies.info/content/aetea-anguina-linnaeus-1758 Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., & Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A functional evolutionary approach. Ann Arbor, MN: Thomson Brooks/Cole Seo, J. E., & Min, B. S. (2009). A faunistic study on cheilostomatous bryozoans from the shoreline of South Korea, with two new species. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 25(1), 19-40. Taylor, P. D., & Tan, S. H. A. (2015). Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia. European Journal of Taxonomy, 0(149), 1-34. Doi: 10.5852/ejt.2015.149. Temkin, M. H. (1991). Fertilization in the Gymnolaemate Bryozoa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (DP23819). Tilbrook KJ (2012) Cheilostomata: first records of two invasive species in Australia and the northerly range extension for a third. Check List 8: 181-183. http://www.checklist.org.br/getpdf?NGD192-11 Van Couwelaar, M. (2003). Zooplankton and Micronekton of the North Sea. Retrieved from http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zmns&menuentry=groepen&id=102&tab=refs Winston JE (1977). Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: A critical review. Chesapeake Science, 18:, 34‐57. doi:10.2307/1350363. https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A6214/datastream/OBJ/view/Distribution_and_ecology_of_estuarine_ectoprocts__A_critical_review.pdf Woollacott, R. M., & Zimmer, R. L. (Eds.). (1977). Biology of Bryozoans. New York, NY: Academic Press

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

Gordon et al. (2007) commented that Tilbrook (2006) has hesitation concerning the attribution of this species to Biflustra but otherwise notes it conforms to. Liu (1992) also discusses possible identifications by Huang & Cai 1984 as Acanthodesia lamellosa but notes differences in characteristics (Did not include their information here)