Eulalia viridis

Overview

Scientific Name: Eulalia viridis

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Polychaeta

Order: Phyllodocida

Family: Phyllodocidae

Genus: Eulalia

Species:

viridis-complex [As E. viridis is a complex of species (e. g. Bonse et al. (1996), cited in Parapar et al. (2009)) , it is unclear what a Japanese species is. I describe here E. viridis appeared in Japanese literature without examination of species and E. viridis japanensis.] [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Jogashima and Moroiso, Sagami Bay. (Izuka 1912) STATUS NOT STATED Susaki, near Shimoda Harbor, Izu Peninsula, Sagami Bay. (Okuda 1938) STATUS NOT STATED Suma and Jogasaki in Osaka Bay. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED [E. viridis japanensis] Shirikishinai, Hokkaido, Pacific side. (Imajima & Hartman 1964) STATUS NOT STATED [E. viridis japanensis] Manzuru, Sagami Bay, Pacific side. (Imajima & Gamo 1970) STATUS NOT STATED [E. viridis japanensis] Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan Sea side. (Imajima 1967) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Tinen-saki, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture. (Okuda 1940) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

until 35°N at the Pacific side. (Inaba 1988)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Mild temperate

Native Temperature Range:

Kobe, near Suma: max 27.5ºC in summer and min 5ºC in winter. (Clarke et al. 2003) Naha, Okinawa Island: max 30ºC in summer and min 20ºC in winter. (Clarke et al. 2003) [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Toyama, near Tsukumo Bay: max 26.0ºC in summer and min 9.0ºC in winter. (Clarke et al. 2003)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Kobe, near Suma: max 30.0psu in dry season and min 20.0psu in wetseason. (Clarke et al. 2003) Naha, Okinawa Island: max 34.5psu in dry season and min 27.0psu in wetseason. (Clarke et al. 2003) [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Toyama, near Tsukumo Bay: max 33.0psu in dry season and min 27.0psu in wetseason. (Clarke et al. 2003)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Mild temperate

Temperature Range Survival:

[Eulalia viridis] 0.381-23.535°C (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Mild temperate

Temperature Range Reproduction:

NF

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Eulalia viridis] 27.165 - 37.662 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow sublittoral, Deep sublittoral

Depth Range:

Osaka Bay: Lower intertidal to 20-30m depth. (Inaba 1988) [Chinese E. viridis] Intertidal to 240 m deep. (Baoling et al. 1997) [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Tsukumo and Manazuru: Intertidal zone. (Imajima 1967 and Imajima & Gamo 1970)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

Broadcast

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

NF

Reproduction Details:

[Polychaeta] It is common that eggs of Polychaeta are wrapped by the membrane and constitute the egg masses. These egg masses stick to algae or bottom. (Yamada 1967) [Phyllodocidae] Phyllodocids have been observed to deposit their eggs in gelatinous masses on eel grass, algae, rocks, or other structures. (Blake 1994) In case of Phyllodoce mucosa, to form the egg mass, 4 to 17 males and a single female interweave their bodies forming a ball. As the mucous is secreted, eggs and sperm are shed into the mucus. (Blake 1994) [Chinese E. viridis] Egg masses stick to seaweeds or on stones at the bottom. (Baoling et al. 1997)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

[United Kingdom] During foraging, E. v. crawls forward slowly, periodically lifting the head and anterior segments from the ground and waving them to and fro. (Emson 1977) [Phyllodocidae] Phyllococids are typically active. (Blake 1994) In shallow waters, individual species are often cryptic, crawling among rocks or shell fragments, in mussel beds and between barnacle tests, in and around algae and their holdfast; other species crawl over the surface of muds seeking prey items. (Blake 1994)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Chinese E. viridis] Spawning season is between May and August. (Baoling et al. 1997)

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

[Chinese E. viridis] Spawning season is between May and August. (Baoling et al. 1997)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

[Polychaeta] Egg size is 100-200 µm in diameter. (Yamada 1967)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Oyster/Mussel reef, Macroalgal beds

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

See detail

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[United Kindom] Most observations were made on population of E. v. from exposed rocky shores in south Pembrokeshire, supplemented by information from Channel coast populations (New haven, Sussex). (Emson 1977) E. v. is found between and underneath the large barnacles of the lower shore, under and between the clumps of mussels in the mussel/barnacle mosaic, and in the natural rock crevices of the barnacle zone. (Emson 1977) [Chinese] Found on algae, barnacles, oysters, and ascidians or under the rocks. (Baoling et al. 1997) [Eulalia viridis japanensis] Inhabiting among marine algae in the intertidal zone on the rocky shore at Manazuru, Sagami Bay. (Imajima & Gamo 1970)

Trophic Level:

Predator, Scavenger

Trophic Details:

CONFLICT E. v. combines opportunist scavenging, predation and cannibalistic behavior. (Rodrigo et al. 2015) In the mussel barnacle association, E. v. relies for food on damaged or moribund animals. It is thus effectively a scavenger. (Emson 1997) [Phyllodocidae] It is postulated that all phyllodocids are hunting predators, feeding on a variety of small invertebrates. (Fauchald & Jumars 1979)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

CONFLICT E. v. combines opportunist scavenging, predation and cannibalistic behavior. (Rodrigo et al. 2015) In the mussel barnacle association, E. v. relies for food on damaged or moribund animals. It is thus effectively a scavenger. (Emson 1997) [Phyllodocidae] It is postulated that all phyllodocids are hunting predators, feeding on a variety of small invertebrates. (Fauchald & Jumars 1979)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the year 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 3: 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract) Baoling W, Qiquan W, Jianwen Q, Hua L (1997) Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta Order Phyllodocimorpha. In: Fauna Sinica, Beijing: 329pp. (in Chinese) Blake JA (1994) Family Phyllodocidae Savigny 1818. In: Taxonomic Atlas. Of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maira Basin and western Santa Barbara Chanel. Vol. 4. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniidae), Blake AJ & Hilbig B (eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California: 115-196. Clarke C, Hillard R, Junqueira AOR, Neto ACL, Polglaze J, Raaymakers S (2003) Ballast water risk assessment, Port of Sepetiba, Fedral Republic of Brazil. GloBallast Monograph Series 14: 1-63 + 7 Appendices. Emson RH (1977) The feeding and consequent role of Eulalia viridis (O. F. Müller) (Polychaeta) in intertidal communities. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57: 93-96. Fauchald K & Jumars PA (1979) The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review 17: 193-284. Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=35&y=15&sn=Trypanosyllis+zebra&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 16-05-2016 Imajima M (1967) Errant polycahtous annelids from Tsukumo Bay and vicinity of Noto Paninsula, Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum 10: 403-441. Imajima M & Gamo S (1970) Polychaetous annelids from the intertidal zone of Manazuru, Kanagawa Prefecture. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University, Sec. II 16: 1-18. http://kamome.lib.ynu.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10131/2954/1/KJ00004478758.pdf Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University : 1-475. (in Japanese) Izuka A (1912) The errantiate Polychaeta of Japan. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 30: 1-262. Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) (2016). Retrieved from http://www.iobis.org/mapper/ Okuda S (1938) Polychaetous annelids from the vicinity of the Mitsui Institute of Marine Biology. Japanese Journal of Zoology 8: 75-105. Okuda S (1940) Polychaetous annelids of the Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 10: 1-24. Parapar J, Martínez-Ansemil E, Caramelo C, Collado R, Schmelz R (2009) Polychaetes and oligochaetes associated with intertidal rocky shores in a semi-enclosed industrial and urban embayment, with the description of two new species. Helgol Mar Res 63:293–308. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00535195/document Rodrigo AP, Costa MH, de Matos APA, Carrapiço F, Costa PM (2015) A Study on the Digestive Physiology of a MarinePolychaete (Eulalia viridis) through MicroanatomicalChanges of Epithelia During the Digestive Cycle. Microsc. Microanalysis 21: 91-101. http://www.academia.edu/19201785/A_study_on_the_digestive_physiology_of_a_marine_polychaete_Eulalia_viridis_through_microanatomical_changes_of_epithelia_during_the_digestive_cycle Yamada Y (1967) Polychaeta. In: Systematic Zoology, Uchida T (ed.). Nakayama Shoten Inc., Tokyo: 24-106. (in Japanese)

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA