Hippothoa imperforata
Overview
Scientific Name: Hippothoa imperforata
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Gymnolaemata
Order: Cheilostomatida
Family: Hippothoidae
Genus: Hippothoa
Species:
imperforata
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
China (Liu 2008, cited in Bock 2015) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
[Western Pacific] China (Bock 2015)
General Diversity:
NF
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
NF
Second Vector:
NF
Vector Details:
NF
Spread Rate:
NF
Date First Observed in Japan:
NF
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
NF
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
NF
Global Impact:
NF
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
NF
Native Temperature Range:
NF
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
NF
Native Salinity Range:
NF
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
See details
Temperature Range Survival:
RELATED:
[Hippothoa spp.] -1.638 - 26.525ºC (OBIS 2016)
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
NF
Temperature Range Reproduction:
NF
Salinity Regime Survival:
See details
Salinity Range Survival:
RELATED:
[Hippothoa spp.] 32.111 - 35.504 PPS (OBIS 2016) Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
NF
Depth Range:
NF
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
NF
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
Internal
Reproduction Mode:
Hermaphrodite/monoecious
Spawning Type:
NA
Development Mode:
NF
Asexual Reproduction:
Budding/fragmentation
Reproduction Details:
RELATED:
[Gymnolaemates] Internal fertilization, whether intracoelomic or intraovarian, is obligatory (Temkin 1994 and 1996, cited in Ostrovsky 2013)
[Gymnolaemates] Differ from most organisms in that sperm-egg fusion does not stimulate egg activation. Egg activation may not occur until "spawned" outside of maternal zooid (Temkin 1991)
[Bryozoans] Non-brooding bryozoans feed during the larval stage, while the larvae of brooding bryozoans do not, since these larvae tend to settle soon after release (Hill 2001)
[Bryozoans] While sperm is spawned through pores in lophophore tentacles, eggs are usually harbored inside the body wall, and are internally fertilized by sperm, coming in on lophophore feeding currents (Brusca and Brusca 2003, cited in Rouse 2011; Kozloff 1990, cited in Rouse 2011)
[Bryozoans] Colonial hermaphrodites, with testes (spermatogenic tissue) and ovaries developing either within the same zooid (zooidal hermaphroditism) or in different zooids within the same colony (zooidal gonochorism) (Ostrovsky 2013)
[Bryozoans] Members of the phylum Bryozoa are hermaphroditic. Both fertilization and egg brooding may either be internal or external (Ruppert et al. 2004)
[Bryozoans] The first zooid in a colony is called the ancestrula. It is from this individual that the rest of the colony will grow asexually from the budding (Hill 2001)
Adult Mobility:
Sessile
Adult Mobility Details:
NF
Maturity Size:
NF
Maturity Age:
NF
Reproduction Lifespan:
NF
Longevity:
NF
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
RELATED:
[Bryozoans] Experiments often used light as a cue to collect embryos/larvae (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
Reproduction Time:
NF
Fecundity:
NF
Egg Size:
RELATED:
[Gymnolaemata] About 200µm (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
Egg Duration:
NF
Early Life Growth Rate:
RELATED:
[Gymnolaemata] Two phases of larvae metamorphosis: first stage about 20mins; second stage 1-6 days (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
Adult Growth Rate:
NF
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
NF
Habitat
Ecosystem:
NF
Habitat Type:
NF
Substrate:
NF
Exposure:
NF
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
NF
Trophic Level:
Suspension feeder
Trophic Details:
RELATED:
All bryozoans, is a suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001)
Forage Mode:
Non-selective
Forage Details:
RELATED:
All bryozoans, is a suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001)
Natural Control:
NF
Associated Species:
NF
References and Notes
References:
Bock, P. (2015). Hippothoa imperforate Liu, 2001. In: P. Bock, & D. Gordon (Eds.). World List of Bryozoa. Retrieved from http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=469896
Hill, K. (2001) Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved from http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Electr_bellul.htm
OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper Access date: 12-09-2016 *Note: genus level data
Ostrovsky, A. N. (2013). Evolution of Sexual Reproduction in Marine Invertebrates – Example of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Dordrectht: Springer Netherlands. Doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7146-8
Rouse, S. (2011). Aetea anguina. Bryozoa of the British Isles. Retrieved from http://britishbryozoans.myspecies.info/content/aetea-anguina-linnaeus-1758
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A functional evolutionary approach. Ann Arbor, MN: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Temkin, M. H. (1991). Fertilization in the Gymnolaemate Bryozoa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (DP23819).
Woollacott, R. M., & Zimmer, R. L. (Eds.). (1977). Biology of Bryozoans. New York, NY: Academic Press
Literature:
Little or no information; expert opinion based on general knowledge
Notes:
Liu xx, Yin X, Ma J (2001) Biology of merine fouling bryozoans in the coastal waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, China, pp1-860.