Metridium dianthus

Overview

Scientific Name: Metridium dianthus

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

Order: Actiniaria

Family: Metridiidae

Genus: Metridium

Species:

dianthus [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Arctic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Southern Africa

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Southern Africa included both as native (not stated) and introduced Temperate Northern Pacific [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Circumpolar in northern hemisphere; Atlantic and Pacific oceans; Pacific: Sitka, Alaska to Santa Barbara, California, USA (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) *Type locality: San Francisco Bay, California [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska to southern California, USA in the Pacific (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska to southern California (Harbo 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska to California (Sept 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] West coast of North America (BIOTIC 2015) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Central California to Alaska (Bucklin 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Pacific Northwest (Kramer & Francis 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan (Tkachenko & Zhirmunsky 2002) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] [M. senile var. fibriatum] Tohoku region in Honshu island, Hokkaido & Kuril Islands. (Uchida 1988) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] [M. senile var. fibriatum] Futagojima in Mutsu Bay, Aomori prefecture. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] [M. senile var. fibriatum] Sado Strait, Japan Sea. (Nishimura 1966) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] [M. senile fibriatum] Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands. (Kussakin 1975) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] [Mertidium sp.] Adjacent sea to Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido. (Yamamoto et al. 2008) (Scientific name is not used but used only Japanese name (Hidaberi Isoginchaku) in this Japanese report) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Atlantic Canada - Massachusetts, USA (multiple authors, cited in Karlson & Osman 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Circumpolar in northern hemisphere; Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Arctic to Delaware, USA, Europe (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Northern Atlantic coasts (Harbo 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Found on all British and Irish coasts; from Biscay to Scandinavia in the northeast Atlantic. Also found on the east coast of North America (BIOTIC 2015) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Northwest Atlantic from the Arctic to Delaware Bay (Christian et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] St. Lawrence estuary (Himmelman et al. 1983, cited in Christian et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Gulf of Maine (Lesser et al. 1994, cited in Christian et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] North Sea (Whomersley & Picken 2003, cited in Christian et al. 2010; Zintzen et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, to Long Island, New York, USA (Hoffmann 1986) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Maine to Maryland, USA (Mulitple authors, cited in Karlson & Osman 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Menai Strait, Anglesey, UK (Shumway 1978) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, USA (Hill-Manning & Blanquet 1979) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Wadden Sea, north of Sylt (Saier 2002) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Wadden Sea (Buhs & Reise 1997) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] South Africa (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Arctic [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Arctic (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Circumpolar in northern hemisphere (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) type locality: San Francisco Bay, California [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Circumpolar (Harbo 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska (Harbo 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska (Sept 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] West coast of North America (BIOTIC 2015) STATUS NOT STATED [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Alaska (Bucklin 1982) STATUS NOT STATED RELATED: Temperate Northern Pacific [M. senile fibriatum] Sea of Japan (Tkachenko & Zhirmunsky 2002, cited in Christian et al. 2010; Tkachenko 2003, cited in Christian et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-153.5 41.1999969482422,33.7000007629395 69.4000015258789 (OBIS 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Arctic to South Africa in the Atlantic; Alaska to southern California, USA in the Pacific (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Westhold et al. 2001, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) RELATED: [Japan] [Metridium sp.] Adjacent sea to Shiretoko Peninsula: 44º 18.8'N, 145º 16.8'E (Yamamoto et al. 2008) [Japan] [Metridium sp.] 44º 4.2'N, 145º 15.5'E (Yamamoto et al. 2008) [Japan] [Metridium sp.] 44º 11.3'N, 145º 21.1'E (Yamamoto et al. 2008)

General Diversity:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] There is considerable heterogeneity in genotypic diversity among east coast populations. Populations near Cape Cod are genetically depauperate relative to those farther north. Significant differences when comparing the number of five-locus genotypes per anemone between populations from Manomet Point upward with those farther south. Genotypic diversity (measured by Go or D) is lower than expected for sexually-reproducing populations (Hoffmann 1986) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Fourteen populations were sampled twice over one- to six-year intervals, with analysis not showing any systematic evidence of change in allele frequence for the four polymorphic loci. Only one population showed possible evidence of recruitment from outside the resident gene pool between successive samples (Hoffmann 1987)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Noted as possibly introduced (Manual 1988), cryptogenic (Martin et al. 2015), and introduced (Mead et al. 2011)

Non-native Region:

Mediterranean Sea, Magellanic, Southern Africa

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Southern Africa included both as native (not stated) and introduced Temperate Northern Atlantic [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Possibly introduced to the Adriatic sea (Manual 1988) *Possibly introduced Temperate Southern Africa [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Recently found in Table Bay Harbour in South Africa; believed to have been introduced from Europe (Griffiths et al 1996, cited in BIOTIC 2015) *Introduced [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Introduced to the west coast of South Africa (Mead et al. 2011) *Introduced Temperate South America [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Cryptogenic in Southern Patagonia, but likely invasive (Martin et al. 2015) *Cryptogenic

Status Date Non-native:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Southern Patagonia, Argentina] Likely mid-1980s or 1990s, because not reported in studies during the 1960s, 1970s, or early 1980s (Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [South Africa] Detected in September 1995 (Griffiths et al. 1996, cited in Mead et al. 2011)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Aquaculture and Fisheries, Hull fouling (not specified), See details

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Introduction vector: commercial shipping traffic; fishing activity. Possibly introduced from Spain and Cape Town (South Africa), where it is known to be invasive, and from which ships entered Bahía San Julián (Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Introduction vector: Ship fouling from the North Atlantic or the North Pacific (Mead et al. 2011)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable. This species is not considered as introduced species in Japan, because so far no one described this species as the non-native species in Japan.

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)]Colonizes aggressively. Late colonizer that overgrows earlier colonizers and uses "catch-tentacles" to damage other anemones and soft corals (Sebens 1985, cited in BIOTIC 2015; Williamson 1975, cited in BIOTIC 2015)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Temperate habitats (Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Gulf of Maine] Ambient subtidal temperatures range from -1.0 ºC to 17.0 ºC, with the maximum occurring during August and September (Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Temperate to cold waters (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Found in cold-temperate areas of the northern hemisphere (Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Peter the Great Bay] Annual water temperature ranges from -1.8 ºC to 23 ºC (Tkachenko & Zhirmunsky 2002) RELATED: [Metridium sp.] Adjacent to Shiretoko Peninsula: 9.2 ºC in June at the depth of 118.2m and 3.1-4.2 ºC in January at the depth of 87.4-93.3m . (Yamamoto et al. 2008)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, see details

Non-native Temperature Range:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Southern Patagonia, Argentina] 5 ºC to 14 ºC annual water temperature range (Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [South Africa] Cool-temperate (Mead et al. 2011)

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Collected at 30 psu in Coos Bay, 27 psu in Puget Sound (Boomer, cited in Rudy et al. 1979). [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Delta region of the Netherlands] Found in salinities as low as 10 ppt chlorinity (aka 19 psu) (Braber & Borghouts 1977, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Lives in full salinity (30 - 40 psu) (BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Gulf of Maine] Annual range from 21 to 36 psu, with no temporal patterns (Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Anglesey, UK] 32 psu (Shumway 1978) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Peter the Great Bay] Farily stable annual salinity of 32 - 34 psu (Tkachenko & Zhirmunsky 2002)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

5.635 - 8.723 ºC (OBIS 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Eurythermic (< 5 ºC to > 15 ºC) (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Collected from 0, 10, 18 and 18 ºC (Hill-Manning & Blanquet 1979)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Gulf of Maine] Spawning occurs when water temperature is around 17.0 ºC (August and September; Lombardi & Lesser 2010)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline, See details

Salinity Range Survival:

30.418 - 33.138 PPS (OBIS 2016) Occurs in estuaries (BIOTIC 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] 20% of tested individuals didn't survive a decrease in salinity to 30% seawater (~10 psu); the rest recovered after return to full seawater (Shumway 1978) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] All M.s. exposed to < 7 psu at a riverine site died within two weeks (but survived 6 psu for a week). Most survived a salinity of ~ 20 psu for two weeks. Survived transfer from 33 psu to 75% and 50% seawater for 28 days. Capable of partial hyperosmoregulation (Austin 2009) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Tolerates brackish waters to 68% seawater in San Fancisco Bay (Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Individuals survived in the lab at 55% to 100% seawater for two weeks, while those exposed to 40% died within three days (Deaton & Hoffmann 1988, cited in Austin 2009)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal, See details

Depth Range:

Sampled from 0 - 93 m (OBIS 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Intertidal to 300 m (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Intertidal and subtidal (Kozloff 1993) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Can tolerate limited exposure; found between 0 and -1 to low water on pilings (Kozloff 1974a, cited in Rudy et al. 1979). Subtidal to 60 fathoms (~110 m)(Rudy et al. 1979). Most abundant just above mean low low water (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Sublittoral fringe, upper infralittoral, lower infralittoral, upper circalittoral, lower circalittoral (BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Mid intertidal to shallow subtidal (Bucklin 1987b) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Intertidal zone to 150 m (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Intertidal (Kramer & Francis 2004) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Lower intertidal and subtidal (3 - 4 m and 6 - 7 m depth)(Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] 95 - 120 m (Riemann-Zurneck 1975, cited in Martin et al. 2015; Zamponi & Acuna 1991, cited in Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] 6 to 12 m in harbours; depths up to 126 m associated with offshore oil rigs (Mead et al. 2011) RELATED: [Metridium sp.] 87.4-118.2m at adjacent sea of Shiretoko Peninsula. (Yamamoto et al. 2008) [M. senile var. fibriatum] Sado Strait, Japan Sea: around 200m. (Nishimura 1966) [M. senile fibriatum] Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands: intertidal zone. (Kussakin 1975)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

See details

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

CONFLICT: development mode Spawn; planula larvae (Gemmill 1920) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Spread by pedal fragments (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Reproduces asexually; can produce a new anemone from tissue left behind as it moves (Sept 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Asexual reproduction by pedal laceration: little bits rip from the edge of the pedal disc of an individual, and each fragment forms a new clone (Carlton 2007) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Separate sexes; releases eggs and sperm into water; fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae. Asexual reproduction through fragmentation of the basal disk or by pulling itself into two parts (Kozloff 1993) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Sexual reproduction: oviparous; separate sexes; discharges eggs and sperm into water; planular larvae that settle as young anemones (Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Asexual reproduction: pedal laceration: each clump of tissue left behing as an anemone moves forms a clone (Rudy et al. 1979). Also reproduce through longitudinal fission, laceration, and budding (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Gonochoristic; fission; lecithotrophic development; external fertilization; larvae/juveniles can disperse greater than 10 km; larval stage lasts 1 - 6 months (BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Lecithotrophic larvae has a "pre-metamorphosis" period of months, and may disperse over 10 000 m (Sebens 1985, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Planktotrophic planula larvae (Shick 1991, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Broadcast spawning with external fertilization (Bucklin 1982, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Annual cycle of development and spawning (Bucklin 1982) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Oviparous (Chia 1976, cited in Bucklin 1987a) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] External fertilization (Bucklin 1987a) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Fragment regeneration of 54 out of 70 fragments after three weeks; 100 % of surviving fragments after four weeks (Bucklin 1987b) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Reproduces by shedding eggs and sperm into the water; external fertilization (Christian et al. 2010)

Adult Mobility:

Facultatively mobile (Species with limited mobility, in particular to repositioning themselves in response to environmental disturbances (e.g., sea anemones))

Adult Mobility Details:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)]Attached to hard surfaces (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Can move to new sites (Sept 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Capable of restricted locomotion (Christian et al. 2010)

Maturity Size:

[Metridium senile var. dianthus (synonymised taxon)] Up to 30 cm tall, basal diameter and tetacle span of 15 cm or more (Manuel 1988, cited in BIOTIC 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] To 10 cm high and 5 cm wide (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Normally to 5 cm high, but can reach 10 cm; up to 5 cm in diameter (Sept 1999)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Suspected that individuals are long-lived (> 10 years) (BIOTIC 2015)

Broods per Year:

Individuals spawned every 2 - 10 days from June 5 - July 10 (Gemmill 1920)

Reproduction Cues:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Females have been reported to spawn fertilizable eggs after exposure to motile sperm (Clark & Dewel 1974, cited in Bucklin 1982) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] No significant relationship between gonad development and temperature (Bucklin 1982) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Gulf of Maine] Size frequency distributions of oocytes and staging of spermatogenesis indicate that spawning occurs during the maximum temperature for the year. Gametogenesis (males and females) begins in the fall after spawning and is correlated with photoperiod. Rapid gamete development is correlated with an increase in chlorophyll a concentration (Lombardi & Lesser 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] High water flows leads to higher proportion of asexual reproduction, as opposed to more sexual reproduction at low flow (< 0.05 m/s) areas (Shick 1991, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; Anthony & Svane 1994, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010)

Reproduction Time:

Ovaries full of unripe eggs in April; first spawning in early June (Gemmill 1920) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Plymouth] Ova and sperm are produced in August and September (Marine Biological Association 1957, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Northeast England] Ova and sperm are given off at intervals throughout the year (Bull 1939b, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Bodega Bay, California] Oocyte size and gonad size in females increased steadily from fall to late summer, peaking in August in each year. Spawning occurs September and October (Bucklin 1982) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Gulf of Maine] Females undergo spawning during the transition from summer to fall; males have mature sperm in their testes in winter, spring and summer, but the teste stage indicates spawning in the fall. Rapid gametogenesis when food is abundant (April) (Lombardi & Lesser 2010) RELATED: [Metridium senile var. fimbriatum] Spawning season at Futagojima in Mutsu Bay is from August to September. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

Egg diameter 0.1 mm (Gemmill 1920) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Oocytes were 60 to 140 µm in diameter in June, July and August. Small (10 to 15 µm) oocytes were prevalent from September to February, but present year-round (Bucklin 1982) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Oocyte diameter: spring: 41 to 140 µm (60% were 61 to 100 µm); summer: more are fully developed (141 to 160 µm diameter), but majority are still in the 61 to 100 µm range; fall: 40% are from 21 to 40 µm (indicative of the larger classes having been spawned and the initiation of early gametogenesis); winter: all oocytes are between 21 to 80 µm (Lombardi & Lesser 2010)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Metridium senile dianthus (synonymised taxon)] Fragments grow up to 0.6 mm in pedal diameter per day (Bucklin 1985, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Larval stage lasts 1 - 6 months (BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Mean size grew steadily for the first eight months (an increase from 5 cm^2 to 45 cm^2 occurred within 12 months), then levelled off (Bucklin 1987b) [Metridium senile pallidum (synonymised taxon)] newly settled individuals grow up to 0.8 mm in pedal diameter per day (Bucklin 1985, cited in BIOTIC 2015)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Indeterminate growth: individual size is a consequence of food availability (Bucklin 1987, cited in Bucklin 1987a), the frequency of asexual reproduction, and environmental constraints (Bucklin 1987a)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Tide flats, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, Worm reef, Macroalgal beds, Kelp forest, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic

Substrate:

Mud, Rock, Mixed sediments, Biogenic, Artificial substrate, Other

Exposure:

Exposed, semi-exposed, protected, very protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Fouling community (Karlson & Osman 2012) Occurs in estuaries (BIOTIC 2016) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Attached to hard surfaces and floats (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Common in protected waters, where they attach to artificial structures and rocks (Sept 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Attached to floats. Sometimes found intertidally on wood, shells, rocks, or in muddy bays. May hide under ledges or in caves. May be abundant in relatively protected areas where there is not much wave action (Kozloff 1993) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Common on pilings, rock jetties, floats, harbours (Carlton 2007) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Bare, shaded pilings; also attaches to dead shells, the tunicate Styela, kelp crab Pugettia, and barnacles (Ricketts & Calvin 1971, cited in Rudy et al. 1979). Protected pilings (Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Bedrock, large to very large boulders, biogenic reef, artificial substrate, caves, overhangs; extremely exposed, very exposed, exposed, moderately exposed, sheltered, very sheltered, extremely sheltered; very strong tidal stream strength/wave flow (>6 kn), strong (3 - 6 kn), moderately strong (1 - 3 kn) (BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Moderate to high flow regimes; they are prevalent at wave-exposed locations (Anthony 1997, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Wharf pilings, rock crevices, tidal pools (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Fouling community (Karlson & Osman 2012) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Settle on mussels (Mytilus edulis platensis, Perumytilus purpuratus and Aulacomya atra atra), sea squirts (Paramolgula gregaria), gastropod (Crepipatella dilatata), and Sabellidiae polychaete tubes. No preference for any particular substrate. Hard substrate and rocky substrate. Protected areas; open sea. Intertidal on fragments of rock and mud and as an epibiont on Undaria pinnatifida, Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia sp. (Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Lower intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky substrate (Acuna et al. 2011, cited in Martin et al. 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Moderately wave-exposed steel shipwrecks (Zintzen et al. 2008) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Rocky walls and in crevices with stable current (Tkachenko & Zhirmunsky 2002) RELATED: [Metridium sp.] Sand, pebble or rocky bottom at adjacent sea of Shiretoko Peninsula. (Yamamoto et al. 2008)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Passive suspension feeder (Lesser et al. 1994, cited in Lombardi & Lesser 2010; BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Diet analysis found copepods, polychaete larvae, bivalve and gastropod veligers, copepod naupliii, barnicle naupli, cyprids (Purcell 1976, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Prefer barnacle cyprids, ascidian larvae, and gammarid amphipods over invertebrate eggs, foramaniferans, calanoid and harpacticoid copepods and ostracods (Sebens 1984, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [New England] Primarily fed on crustacenas and laraval zooplankton at depths ≤ 16m (Sebens & Koehl 1984, cited in Chrisitian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Passive suspension feeder; demersal zooplankton and benthic material washed off of substrate by currents; barnacle cyprids, ascidian larvae, gammaridian amphipods (within a 400 - 1000 µm size range) (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Preference for particles > 47 µm in diameter, especially algae and rotifers (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Feeds on copepods and invertebrate larvae (Sept 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Carnivore that feeds on small organisms (Kozloff 1993) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Active carnivore and predator: eats very small organisms (Kozloff 1974a, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Eats the algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and Desmarestia viridis (Perkins 1977, cited in Rudy et al. 1979) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Small anemones had the highest feeding efficiency at moderate to high flow regimes; they are prevalent at wave-exposed locations (Anthony 1997, cited in BIOTIC 2015) RELATED: [Metridum spp.] Largely a filter feeder; collects small organisms and directs them into mouth (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

[Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Passive suspension feeder; demersal zooplankton and benthic material washed off of substrate by currents; barnacle cyprids, ascidian larvae, gammaridian amphipods (within a 400 - 1000 µm size range) (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Preference for particles > 47 µm in diameter, especially algae and rotifers (Christian et al. 2010) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Diet analysis found copepods, polychaete larvae, bivalve and gastropod veligers, copepod naupliii, barnicle naupli, cyprids (Purcell 1976, cited in BIOTIC 2015) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] Large anemones had a maximum feeding efficiency at the slowest flow, medium-sized anemones at moderate flow, and small anemones at moderate to high-flow regimes. Small anemones showed consistently higher feeding rates at all velocities above 10 cm/sec. (Anthony 1997)

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Predation] Attacked by Hippasteria spinosa (Harbo 1999) [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Predation] Fed on by sea spider Pycnogonum littorale (Wilhelm et al. 1997, cited in BIOTIC 2015); epitonid snails (wentletraps); M.s. is preferred prey of Epitonium greenlandicumin the Bay of Fundy (Perron 1978, cited in BIOTIC 2015); the black bream Spondyliosoma cantharus (Mattacola 1976, cited in BIOTIC 2015) and winter flounder Pseudoleuronectes americanus (Keats 1990, cited in BIOTIC 2015) eat whole anemones [Metridium senile (synonymised taxon)] [Predation] Sea slug Aeolidia papillosa can cause heavy mortality (Reidy 1996, cited in BIOTIC 2015; Sebens 1985, cited in BIOTIC 2015)

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

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Access Date: 07-01-2016 Bucklin A (1982) The annual cycle of sexual reproduction in the sea anemone Metridium senile. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60(12): 3241-3248. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z82-412 Bucklin A (1987a) Adaptive advantages of patterns of growth and asexual reproduction of the sea anemone Metridium senile (L.) in intertidal and submerged populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 110(3): 225-243. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098187900037 Bucklin A (1987b) Growth and asexual reproduction of the sea anemone Metridium: comparative laboratory studies of three species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 110(1): 41-52. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098187900657 Buhs F & Reise K (1997) Epibenthic fauna dredged from tidal channels in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein: spatial patterns and a long-term decline. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 51(3): 343-359. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02908719 Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Christian JR, Grant CGJ, Meade JD, Noble LD (2010) Habitat Requirements and Life History Characteristics of Selected Marine Invertebrate Species Occurring in the Newfoundland and Labrador Region. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science No. 2925. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340301.pdf Gemmill JF (1920) The Development of the Sea-Anemones Metridium dianthus (Ellis) and Adamsia palliata (Bohad). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 209: 351-375. www.jstor.org/stable/92054?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=37&y=10&sn=metridium+senile&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN AND http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=0&y=0&sn=Metridium+dianthus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 06-11-2015 Harbo RM (1999) Whelks to Whales: Coastal Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing Hill-Manning DN & Blanquet RS (1979) Seasonal changes in the lipids of the sea anemone, Metridium senile (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 36(3): 249-257. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098179901205 Hoffmann RJ (1986) Variation in Contributions of Asexual Reproduction to the Genetic Structure of Populations of the Sea Anemone Metridium senile. 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Marine Ecology 23(3): 253-267. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02806.x/full Tsuchiya M & Osanai K (1978) Experimental marine organisms collected on the neighborhood of the Asamushi Marine Biological Station. Bulletin of the Marine Biological Station of Asamushi, Tôhoku University, 16: 29-58. Uchida T (1988) Hexacorallia. In: New Illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of Japan, Okada Y (ed.). Hokuryukan Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 258-269. (in Japanese) Yamamoto J, Iwamori T, Nobetsu T, Sakurai Y (2008) Biological survey using the underwater robot camera (ROV) at adjacent to the sea of Shiretoko Peninsula. In: The report of the monitoring survey for the ecosystem of the Shiretoko World Heritage area, Shiretoko Financial Group: 11-20. 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Literature:

NA

Notes:

There may be some useful information in Hausding B (1913) Studien über Actinoloba (Metridium) dianthus. Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 38(1): 49-135. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02286961?LI=true but Google translate wasn't adequate.