Mopalia seta
Overview
Scientific Name: Mopalia seta
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Polyplacophora
Order: Chitonida
Family: Mopaliidae
Genus: Mopalia
Species:
seta
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
Vostok (East) Bay, Sea of Japan (Kelly & Eernisse 2008) STATUS NOT STATED
[Japan] Around Akkeshi Town and from Cape Nosappu to Muroran at the Pacific side and Ishikari Bay at Japan Sea side. (Saito 1994) STATUS NOT STATED
[Russia] Southern part of Kurile Island and west coast of Sakhalin. (Sirenko 1985, cited in Saito & Okutani 1991) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
NF
General Diversity:
NF
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015, 2016)
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
Not applicable
Second Vector:
Not applicable
Vector Details:
Not applicable
Spread Rate:
Not applicable
Date First Observed in Japan:
NF
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
Not applicable
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
NF
Global Impact:
Not applicable
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
Cold water,
Cool temperate,
See details
Native Temperature Range:
The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute. Accessed 25 Sept 2015)
Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
Polyhaline,
Euhaline
Native Salinity Range:
Polyhaline, euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
Cold water, Cool temperate
Temperature Range Survival:
The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute)
Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
Cold water, Cool temperate
Temperature Range Reproduction:
The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute)
Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Salinity Regime Survival:
Polyhaline,
Euhaline
Salinity Range Survival:
Polyhaline, euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Depth Regime:
Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal
Depth Range:
Mopalia seta not found in deep water; most Mopalia species not found in deep water (Kelly & Eernisse 2008)
Intertidal to 51 m deep. (Saito 1994, Kass & van Belle 1994)
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] mid to low intertidal (Cowles 2010)
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
Common
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
See details
Reproduction Mode:
Gonochoristic/ dioecious
Spawning Type:
None
Development Mode:
Planktonic larva (type unspecified)
Asexual Reproduction:
Does not reproduce asexually
Reproduction Details:
Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green; free-swimming larvae develop all 8 valves; In CA they settle around day 8, metamorphose to juveniles by day 16; adults grow 11-40 mm per year (Cowles 2010)
[Mopalia muscosa] larvae will settle on rocks or shells covered with an algal film (Cowles 2005)
[Polyplacophora] chitons have separate sexes; eggs can be fertilized externally or in mantle cavity; trocophore larva is free-swimming and feeding; however, some produce yolky eggs and brood their young (Kozloff 1990)
[Polyplacophora] Spawning is generally initiated by emission of spermatozoids by one or more male individuals. (Kass & van Belle 1985)
[Polyplacophora] The eggs are issued one or two at a time, sometimes free, but moslty held together by a slimy mass, either aggregated into clusters, or in long strings. (Kass & van Belle 1985)
Adult Mobility:
Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)
Adult Mobility Details:
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] grazers (Cowles 2010)
[Mopalia muscosa] moves at speeds of 25 cm/hour (Kozloff 1990)
[Polyplacophora] Chitons are little mobile animals. Creeping is slow, performed by antero-posterior contracton waves of the muscles in the foot. It is molstly done in the dark, when they leave their shelter to feed. (Kass & van Belle 1985)
Maturity Size:
NF
Maturity Age:
NF
Reproduction Lifespan:
NF
Longevity:
Among chitons, it is known that the species lives for 17 like Katharina tunicata and for 40 years like Cryptochiton stelleri. (e. g. Lord 2012)
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
RELATED:
[Polyplacophora] Spawning is generally initiated by emission of spermatozoids by one or more male individuals. (Kass & van Belle 1985)
Reproduction Time:
NF
Fecundity:
NF
Egg Size:
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green (Cowles 2010)
[Cryptochiton stelleri] 301 μm (SD = 3.16, n = 15) in diameter. (Loard 2011)
Egg Duration:
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green (Cowles 2010)
[Leptochiton asellus] The escape of the trochophores begins about twenty hours after fertilization of the eggs (Christiansen 1954, cited in Kass & van Belle 1985., but for another species it takes three or four days. (Hoffman 1931, cited in Kass & van Belle 1985)
Early Life Growth Rate:
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] free-swimming larvae develop all 8 valves; In CA they settle around day 8, metamorphose to juveniles by day 16 (Cowles 2010)
[Polyplacophore] Three or four days after the larvae are hatched metamorphosis begins with a dorso-ventral flattenening of the trocophore, marking the places where the valves I-VII are to be formed. The shell plates are rapidoly developing before their settling on the bottom, the tail plate appearing last. (Kass & van Belle 1985)
[Cryptochiton stelleri] At 46 hours the early trocophore hatched. At about 5 days after fertilization (3 days posthatching), larvae developed seven shell plate rudiments and settled to bottom of culture dishes. (Lord 2011)
Adult Growth Rate:
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] adults grow 11-40 mm per year (Cowles 2010)
[Cryptochiton stelleri] About three months after from the settlement, juveniles grew an averate of 1.96 mm or 0.14 g per month and were c. 30 mm long in 11 months in culture dishes.
[Cryptochiton stelleri] This growth rate appears to be similar to that in the field. (Loard 2011)
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
NF
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Macroalgal beds,
See details
Habitat Type:
Epibenthic,
Under rock,
See details
Substrate:
Rock, Cobble, See details
Exposure:
Exposed,
Semi-exposed, See details
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
They live on rocks covered with sea weeds or on the underside of large stones in the littoral and sublittoral zones. (Saito & Okutani 1991)
Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] Rocky intertidal, floats; common in rock crevices, underneath rocks, and downward-facing slopes of rocks; may be among mussels (Cowles 2010)
[Mopalia muscosa] found in areas of low to moderate surf, on rocks; found in estuaries; some home to a special place on the rock; larvae will settle on rocks or shells covered with an algal film (Cowles 2005)
[Polyplacophora] rocky habitats, shelly bottoms; foot is well adapted to cling to hard surfaces; the low profile, shell, and strong foot of a chiton are adapted to live in high wave shock as well as water loss risk during low tide (Kozloff 1990)
Trophic Level:
See details
Trophic Details:
Herbivore (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] grazes on algae, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, other small animals (Cowles 2010)
[Mopalia muscosa] feeds on red alga Mastocarpus papillata and Endocladia muricata, green alga Cladophora (Cowles 2005)
[genus Mopalia] consume animal matter: hydroids, bryozoans, and sponges (Kozloff 1990)
Forage Mode:
See details
Forage Details:
Specialist (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
RELATED:
[Mopalia ciliata] feeds at night and on foggy/cloudy days (Cowles 2010)
[Mopalia muscosa] Moves at night at high tides (Cowles 2005)
[Mopalia muscosa] forages at night when it is underwater; unselective consumer of small algae; grazes at speeds of 25 cm/hour; has homing behavior (Kozloff 1990)
Natural Control:
RELATED:
PREDATION
[Predation] [Mopalia ciliata] Pisaster ochraceus is a predator (Cowles 2010)
Associated Species:
NF
References and Notes
References:
Cowles D (2010) Mopalia ciliata. http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Mopalia_ciliata.html Access Date: 4-Mar-16.
Cowles D (2005) Mopalia muscosa. http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Mopalia_muscosa.html Access Date: 4-Mar-16.
Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php Access Date: 25-Sept-2015 and 4-Mar-16
Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute http://hnf.fra.affrc.go.jp/suion/suionjoho.html. Date: 25-Sept-2015.
Kass P & van Belle RA (1985) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polypacophora). Volume 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherland: 237pp.
Kass P & van Belle RA (1994) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polypacophora). Volume 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), additions to Volume 1-4. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherland: 402pp.
Kelly RP, Eernisse DJ (2008) Reconstructing a radiation: the chiton genus Mopalia in the north Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics. 22(1):17-28.
Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing
Lord JP (2011) Larval development, metamorphosis and early growth of the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff, 1847) (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) on the Oregon Coast. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 182-188.
Lord JP (2012) Longevity and growth rates of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, and the black leather chiton, Katharina tunicata. Malacologia 55 : 43-54.
Saito H (1994) The shallow-water chiton fauna of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum 27: 93-104.
Saito H & Okutani T (1991) Taxonomy of Japanese species of the genera Mopalia and Plaxiphora (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae). The Veliger 34: 172-194.
Literature:
Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence
Notes:
NA