Mytilisepta virgata
Overview
Scientific Name: Mytilisepta virgata
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Mytilida
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Mytilisepta
Species:
virgata
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate N. Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
From south western part of Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan (Okutani ed. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED
Zhejiang (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED
Central Indo-Pacific
Hong kong (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED
Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Province (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
From 14ºN to 42ºN at Pacific side and to 45ºN at Japan Sea side (Inaba 1982)
General Diversity:
Not applicable
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
Not applicable
Second Vector:
Not applicable
Vector Details:
Not applicable
Spread Rate:
Not applicable
Date First Observed in Japan:
Not applicable
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
Not applicable
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
Not applicable
Global Impact:
Not applicable
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal
Native Temperature Range:
Sea temperatures ranged from 27.3°C in July on the lower shore, and 30.4°C in August on the middle shore (Liu and Morton, 1994)
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
Polyhaline,
Euhaline
Native Salinity Range:
[Japan] It is presumed that S. virgatus cannot live in the water where salinity under 10-13 psu continues for a long time. (Yamamoto et al. 2013)
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal
Temperature Range Survival:
RELATED:
[Septifer spp.] 15.125 - 28.496ºC (OBIS 2016)
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal
Temperature Range Reproduction:
NF
Salinity Regime Survival:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Survival:
[Japan] It is presumed that S. virgatus cannot live in the water where salinity under 10-13 psu continues for a long time. (Yamamoto et al. 2013)
RELATED:
[Septifer spp.] 34.440 - 35.618 PPS (OBIS 2016)
Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
Upper intertidal, mid intertidal, lower intertidal
Depth Range:
VARIABILITY
[Japan] From 190 cm to 50 cm above the datum line at Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (changed the value in Iwasaki 1994 where the height is represented as from +80 cm down to -60 cm)
From mean sea level to low tidal level at Sanriku coast, Miyagi and Iwate prefecture (Hata & Matsutani 2011)
From mean sea level to low tidal level
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
Common, Abundant
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
external
Reproduction Mode:
Gonochoristic/ dioecious
Spawning Type:
None
Development Mode:
Planktonic larva (type unspecified)
Asexual Reproduction:
Does not reproduce asexually
Reproduction Details:
[Japan] Metamorphose into veliger larvae after fertilizaion in 34 hours and this phase lasts 96 hours after fertilization at 20 ºC at Kesenmuma (Sasaki 1984)
Adult Mobility:
Sessile
Adult Mobility Details:
NF
Maturity Size:
[Japan] 15 mm in shell length at Kesennuma Bay (Sasaki 1984)
Maturity Age:
[Japan] Two years old (Sasaki 1984)
Reproduction Lifespan:
[Japan] Spawning season is August and September at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984),
from July to August and from September to October at Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi prefecture (Yamada et al. 2010), from March to December at Minabe, Wakayama prefecture (Ohgaki 1996)
Longevity:
NF
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
[Japan] Spawned by byssus cutting, by subtle stimulation by cleaning and by warming in the laboratory (Sasaki 1984)
Sea wave at rough sea at the surface seawater temperature 20-22 ºC influences the spawning at Kesennuma Bay (Sasaki 1984)
Reproduction Time:
[Japan] Spawning season is August and September at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984),
from July to August and from September to October at Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi prefecture (Yamada et al. 2010), from March to December at Minabe, Wakayama prefecture (Ohgaki 1996)
Fecundity:
[Japan] 66,000-156,000 (mean 104,000) per inds. at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)
Egg Size:
[Japan] 112-128 (120±3.1) μm at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)
Egg Duration:
[Japan] 18 hours until trochophore larva at 20 ºC in the laboratory (Sasaki 1984)
Early Life Growth Rate:
[Japan] Size of plankton larvae is 180-190 μm and that of full-grown larvae is 190-230 μm at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)
Adult Growth Rate:
NF
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
[Japan] S. virgatus did not show a decrease in shore-to-shore mean density from the 1970s to the 2000s, but repeated increases and decreases between successive survey dates (Kurihara & Kosuge 2010)
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Rocky intertidal, Mussel reef
Habitat Type:
Epibenthic, Epizoic
Substrate:
Rock, Biogenic
Exposure:
Exposed
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
[Japan] S. virgatus forms contiguous mussel bed vertically on rocky substrata from upper to mid intertidal zone at exposed shore at Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Iwasaki 1994)
On the platform or slope of rock at wave-exposed shore (Ohgaki 1996)
Trophic Level:
Suspension feeder
Trophic Details:
[Japan] Pvloa lutheri and/or Chaetoceros calcirans were used for rearing floting larvae of S. virgatus (Sasaki 1984)
Forage Mode:
NF
Forage Details:
NF
Natural Control:
[Parasites]
[Japan] Lichomolgus sadoensis was parasitic on S. virgatus from Tssha Bay, Sado Island, Japan Sea (Ho 1980)
Lichomolgus bidentipes was parasitic on mantle cavity of S. virgatus from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)
Pseudomyicola spinosus was parasitic from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)
Associated Species:
[Parasites]
[Japan] Lichomolgus sadoensis was parasitic on S. virgatus from Tssha Bay, Sado Island, Japan Sea (Ho 1980)
Lichomolgus bidentipes was parasitic on mantle cavity of S. virgatus from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)
Pseudomyicola spinosus was parasitic from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)
References and Notes
References:
Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the years 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 31-Jul-2015)
Hata M & Matsutani T (2011) Microscopic distribution of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Septifer virgatus. Sessile Organisms 28: 57. (in Japanese)
Ho J (1980) Origin and dispersal of Mytilus edulis in Japan deduced from its present status of copepod parasitism. Publications of the Seto Marin Biological Laboratory 25: 293-313.
Hoshiai T (1964) Synecological study on intertidal communities V. The interrlation between Septifer virgatus and Mytylus edulis. Bulletin of the marine biological station of Asamushi. 7: 37-41.
Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese)
Iwasaki K (1994) Distribution and bed structure of the two intertidal mussels, Septifer virgatus (Wiegmann) and Hormomya mutabilis (Gould). Publications of the Seto Mrine Biological Laboratory 36: 223-247.
Kurihara et al. (2010) Evidence of a sharper decrease in a non-indigenous mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis than in indigenous bivalves from 1978 to 2006 on Japanese rocky shores. Biological Invasions 12: 2671–2681. DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9673-3
Liu J H and Morton B (1994) The temperature tolerances of Tetraclita squamosa (Crustacea: Cirripedia) and Septifer virgatus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on a sub-tropical rocky shore in Hong Kong. Journal of Zoology 234: 325-339
OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 23-09-2016 *Note: for genus level data
Ohgaki S (1996) Seasonal changes in size structure and gonad weight of the two mussels, Hormomya mutabilis and Septifer virgatus in relation to the fluctuation in their distribution. Venus 55: 317-327. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese)
Sasaki R (1984) On the early life history of Septifer virgatus at Kesennuma Bay. The Aquiculture 4: 214-219. (in Japanese)
Yamada C et al. (2010) A comparison of the reproductive seasons of three mytilid species in Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi, Japan. Kuroshio Science 3: 138-143. (in Japanese)
Yamamoto K et al. (2013) Effect of low salinity on vetilation in the purplish bifurcate mussel Septifer virgatus. Journal on National Fisheries University 62: 9-12. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.
Literature:
Substantial scientific information; non-peer-reviewed information; data specific to the region; supported by recent data (within the last 10 years) or research
Notes:
NA