Ophionereis porrecta

Overview

Scientific Name: Ophionereis porrecta

Phylum: Echinodermata

Class: Ophiuroidea

Order: Ophiurida

Family: Ophionereididae

Genus: Ophionereis

Species:

porrecta [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Australasia Possibly Temperate Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Eastern Indo-Pacific Christmas Island (Marsh 2000) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for the area Hawaiian Islands (Clark & Rowe 1971) STATUS NOT STATED Honolulu, Hawaii (Clark 1953) STATUS NOT STATED Hawaii (Clark 1953) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Byrne et al. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Indonesia (Aziz 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Murray Island, Australia (Endean 1957) STATUS NOT STATED Guam (Starmer 2003) STATUS NOT STATED New Caledonia and the Indo-Pacific (Stohr 2011) STATUS NOT STATED *noted as having been recorded in New Caledonia previously Chuuk, Micronesia; Saipan; Guam; Mariana Islands (Lee & Shin 2014) STATUS NOT STATED, but first report from Micronesia [Japan] Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture. ( Murakami (1943) as O. aplacophora which is a synonym of O. porrecta) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Akajima Island, Okinawa Prefecture. (Nomura 1993) STATUS NOT STATED North Australia, Philippines, South Pacific Island (Clark & Rowe 1971) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Iles Eparses (Juan de Nova; 17°03’16”S; 42°43’30”E), Mozambique Channel, France (Mulochau et al. 2014; Conand et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Ponta Torres reef, Inhaca Island, Mozambique (Balinsky 1957) STATUS NOT STATED Indian Ocean (James 1982) STATUS NOT STATED Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India (James 1983) STATUS NOT STATED Indian Ocean (Endean 1957) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Mergner 1979) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Thailand; Andaman Sea (Putchakarn & Sonchaeng 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Indo-West Pacific; eastern Africa (Madagascar, Tanzania); Red Sea (Lee & Shin 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Channels of the Great Barrier Reef of Toliara (Fourgon et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Island of West Indian Ocean, Mascarene Island, East Africa and Madagascar, Red Sea, Maldives, Ceylon area, Bay of Bengal (Clark & Rowe 1971) STATUS NOT STATED Amirante Islands; Maldives; Mauritius; Seychelles (Clark 1953) STATUS NOT STATED Hawaii south and west to Polynesia Malaya, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Africa (Clark 1953) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa Northern and southern regions of the Transkei coast of South Africa (Lasiak 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia Norfolk Ridge, New Zealand (McKnight 1993) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for Norfolk Ridge Temperate Northern Pacific Possibly China and South Japan (Clark & Rowe 1971) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Tosa-shimizu City, Kochi Prefecture. (Sanyo-Shikoku Nature Conservation Office 2005) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Amami-Oshima, Kagoshima Prefecture. (Saba et al. 2002) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Chichijima Island, Ogasawara Islands, Tokyo. (Fujita et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm East Indes, and west Pacific (Endean 1957) STATUS NOT STATED Indo-West Pacific (McKnight 1993) STATUS NOT STATED East Indes (Clark & Rowe 1971) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-171.800003051758 -31.7000007629395,178.5 26.8000011444092 (OBIS 2016) Hawaiian Islands (Clark & Rowe 1971) to Norfolk Ridge, New Zealand (McKnight 1993) Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Mergner 1979) to South Africa (Lasiak 1999) Ferit Island: 7º25'48"N, 151º55'52"E (Lee & Shin 2014)

General Diversity:

Two lineages found in the southwestern Indian Ocean (COI and 16S; Hoareau et al. 2013)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

NF

Native Salinity Range:

NF

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

18.121 - 28.155 ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

RELATED: [Ophionereis fasciata and O. schayeri] [Australia and New Zealand] Maintained in ambient seawater temperature ranging from 19 - 23ºC, with temperature shocks of 34ºC to induce spawning. Embryos were also cultured at 19 - 23ºC (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

34.370 - 35.965 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Low intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

Sampled from 1 - 58 m (OBIS 2016) Low intertidal zone (Aziz 1996) Midlittoral zone (James 1982) Intertidal (James 1983) Recorded from shallow (0 - 9 m) and deep (10 - 40 m) water (Marsh 2000) Collected at 127 m at Norfolk Ridge; 0 - 130 m in the Indo-West Pacific (McKnight 1993) 1 - 30 m depth (Starmer 2003) [Lifou] 4 - 130 m (Stohr 2011) Shore to ~60m depth (Clark 1953) [Japan] Akajima, Okinawa Prefecture: 5 - 10 m. (Nomura 1993) [Japan] Okinawa Island, Okinawa Prefecture: 6m. (Saba et al. 2002) [Japan] Omami Island: 3 m and 10 m. (Saba et al. 2002) RELATED: [Ophionereis diabloensis] Low intertidal algal turf on rock substrate (Carlton 2007) [Ophionereis eurybrachiplax] Subtidal from 45 m - 53 m (Carlton 2007)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

NF

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

NF

Reproduction Details:

Lecithotrophic (Hoareau et al. 2013) RELATED: [Ophionereis fasciata] Planktotrophic larvae. Gonochoric, with both eggs and sperm released (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000) [O. schayeri] Lecithotrophic larvae. Gonochoric, with both males and females spawning. 6 - 7 days until settlement (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000) [Ophionereis squamulosa] Produces dolioralia larvae (Mortensen 1921 or 1938, cited in Uchida 1974) [Class Ophiuroidea] Sexes are separate in most species; some species brood, some broadcast spawn (Kozloff 1990) [Brittle Stars] Many are viviparous and retain eggs inside the body until tiny brittle stars are born. Some release gametes into the water via genital slits (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Class Ophiuroidea] Produce a rowing motion using two rays; many species use their rays and tube feet to burrow (Kozloff 1990)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

RELATED: The longevity of Ophiuroidea varies from three years (Amphiura filiformis) to 20-30 years or more (Gorgonocephalus sp.). (Uchida 1974)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Ophionereis fasciata and O. schayeri] Spawned in response to temperature and light shock (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000)

Reproduction Time:

RELATED: [Ophionereis schayeri] [New South Wales, Australia] Spawned from December - February 1995, January - April 1996, February - April 1997, and January - February 1998. Spawning season January - April (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000) [Ophionereis fasciata] [Echinoderm Reef, New Zealand] Spawning season from January to unknown, but mature gametes present from December - March (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000)

Fecundity:

RELATED: [Ophionereis schayeri] [New South Wales, Australia] 1564 - 9720 eggs released per female, mean of 6164 eggs, SE of 844, calculated from 9 females (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000). This fecundity level was considered typical for ophiuroids with intermediate-sized eggs, whose larvae are lecithotrophic (Hendler 1975, 1991, cited in Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000)

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Ophionereis fasciata] 99µm egg diameter (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000) [O. schayeri] 241µmmean egg diameter (range of 231 - 270µm, SE of 1.7µm, from 4 females) (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Coastal shore, SAV, Coral reef, Macroalgal beds, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Under rock

Substrate:

Sand, Cobble, Rock, Biogenic

Exposure:

Exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Present on reef with sand and coral outcrops (2 m depth); intertidal reef near tower, sand, rubble, seagrass, coral outcrops; coral rubble beneath boulders (Byrne et al. 2004) Live in the coral shelf zone, under boulders and rubble or shelter between branching corals (Aziz 1996) Reef flat and outer reef slope (Conand et al. 2015) Algal beds. Rock platforms exposed to strong wave action (Lasiak 1999) Collected from inside hole of a sponge (Lee & Shin 2014) Coral: reef, rubble and slabs (Mergner 1979) (In German: Mikroatolle und aufragende tote Korallenfelshorste; Lose liegende Korallenfelsplatten) [Juan de Nova] Reef slopes, reef flats, lagoon (Mulochau et al. 2014) Under rubble (Starmer 2003) [Japan] Akajima, Okinawa Prefecture: under the coral. (Nomura 1993) Especially live in the coral reef. (Saba et al. 2002) RELATED: [Ophionereis fasciata and O. schayeri] Found under boulders (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne 2000) [Brittle Stars] Hide under rocks during the day (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Brittle Stars] Varies by species. Some are only on rocky (not gravel or rocks on sand) shores, some prefer open coast, some are in tidepools and algal holdfasts, rocks set on gravel, some live buried in sand, or in roots of eelgrass, or on muddy sand (Kozloff 1993) [Ophionereis diabloensis] Low intertidal algal turf on rock substrate (Carlton 2007)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Filter-feeder and detritivore (Mergner 1979) RELATED: [Ophionereis annulata] Ophionereis annulata which is a congeneric species with O. p. consumes amino acid in the water directly. (Uchida 1974) [Brittle Stars] Feed on benthic detritus and small animals (living or dead) (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Class Ophiuroidea] May gather loose particles of food or pick bits of tissue from dead animals; may use jaws to graze on algae and dead animals; may grasp a small animal (e.g. crustacean, worm) using a bend of its ray; may trap phytoplankton, bactria, other small organisms, or detritus using mucus net. Exploits many food types: bacteria, diatoms, other phytoplankton, copepods, medusae, polychaetes, algae, and other material (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

Filter-feeder and detritivore (Mergner 1979) RELATED: [Ophionereis annulata] Ophionereis annulata which is a congeneric species with O. p. consumes amino acid in the water directly. (Uchida 1974) [Brittle Stars] Feed on benthic detritus and small animals (living or dead) (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Class Ophiuroidea] May gather loose particles of food or pick bits of tissue from dead animals; may use jaws to graze on algae and dead animals; may grasp a small animal (e.g. crustacean, worm) using a bend of its ray; may trap phytoplankton, bactria, other small organisms, or detritus using mucus net. Exploits many food types: bacteria, diatoms, other phytoplankton, copepods, medusae, polychaetes, algae, and other material (Kozloff 1990)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Aziz A (1996) HABITAT DAN ZONASI FAUNA EKHINODERMATA DI EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG. Oseana XXI(2): 33-43. documents.mx/documents/188habitat-dan-zonasi-fauna-ekhinodermata-di-ekosistem-terumbu-karang.html Balinsky JB (1957) The Ophiuroidea of Inhaca Island. Annals of the Natal Museum 24(1): 1-37. Byrne M, Smoothey A, Hoggett A, Uthicke S (2004) Population biology of shallow water holothuroids and ophiuroids from Raine Island and Moulter Cay, Northern Great Barrier Reef. In: Echinoderms: Munchen: Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, 6-10 October 2003, Munich, Germany. Eds. Heinzeller T, Nebelsick JH. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CJZ5AgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=%22Ophionereis+porrecta%22&ots=xxA_e0FyS_&sig=HEPcfPhLEFkWkMvS1pjh3Ldgerw#v=onepage&q=porrecta&f=false Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Clark AM (1953) A revision of the genus Ophionereis (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 123(1): 65-94. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00157.x/abstract Clark AM & Rowe FWE (1971) Monograph of the Shallow-ater Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History Publication No. 690. www.abctaxa.be/downloads/additional-information-volume-1/works-famous-holothuroid-workers/fwe-rowe/MonographIndoWestPacific.pdf/download/en/2/MonographIndoWestPacific.pdf?action=view Conand C, Mulochau T, Stohr S, Eléaume M, Chabanet P (2015) Inventory of echinoderms in the Iles Eparses (Europa, Glorieuses, Juan de Nova), Mozambique Channel, France. Acta Oecologica (in press). www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1146609X15300035 Endean R (1957) The Biogeography of Queensland's Shallow-water Echinoderm Fauna (excluding Crinoidea), with a Rearrangement of the Faunistic Provinces of Tropical Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8(3): 233-273. www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF9570233 Fourgon D, Jangoux M, Eeckhaut I (2007) Biology of a “babysitting” symbiosis in brittle stars: analysis of the interactions between Ophiomastix venosa and Ophiocoma scolopendrina. Invertebrate Biology 126(4): 385-395. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2007.00108.x/full Fujita et al. (2015) Catalogue of Echinodermata Specimens Deposited in the University Museum (Fujukan) 10. The University Museum (Fujukan), University of the Ryukyus: 1-106. (in Japanese) http://fujukan.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/catalog-pdf/10Echinodermata.pdf Global Invasive Species Database.http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=18&y=17&sn=Ophionereis+porrecta&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 03-11-2015 Hoareau TB, Boissin E, Paulay G, Bruggermann JH (2013) The Southwestern Indian Ocean as a potential marine evolutionary hotspot: perspectives from comparative phylogeography of reef brittle-stars. Journal of Biogeography 40(11): 2167-2179. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12155/full James DB (1982) Ecology of intertidal echinoderms of the Indian Seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 24(1&2):124-129. eprints.cmfri.org.in/1346/ James DB (1983) Sea cucumber and sea urchin resources. CMFRI Bulletin 34: 85-93 eprints.cmfri.org.in/1054/ Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Kozloff EN (1993) Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press Lasiak T (1999) The putative impact of exploitation on rocky infratidal macrofaunal assemblages: a multiple-area comparison. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 79(1): 23-34. journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=70699&fileId=S0025315498000022 Lee T & Shin S (2014) Echinoderm Fauna of Chuuk, The Federated States of Micronesia. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 30(2): 108-118. Awww.dbpia.co.kr/openurl/?issn=2234-6953&year=2014&volume=30&issue=2&page=108 Marsh L (2000) ECHINODERMS OF CHRISTMAS ISLAND. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 59: 97-101. frogwatch.museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/13.%20Marsh.pdf McKnight DG (1993) Records of echinoderms (excluding holothurians) from the Norfolk Ridge and Three Kings Rise north of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 20(3): 165-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1993.10422858 Mergner H (1979) Quantitative ökologische Analyse eines Rifflagunenareals bei Aqaba (Golf von Aqaba, Rotes Meer). Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 32(4): 476-507. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02277991 Mulochau T, Conand C, Stohr S, Eleaume M, Chabanet P (2014) First inventory of the echinoderms from Juan de Nova (Iles Eparses, France) in the Mozambique Channel, South Western Indian Ocean. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Sciences 13(1): 23-30. www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/article/view/112588 Murakami S (1943) Report on the ophiurans of Yaeyama, Ryukyu. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University 7: 205-222. Nomura K (1993) Shallow-water Ophiuroidea of Akajima Island, Kerama Group, Ryukyu Island. Midori-ishi 4: 23-27. (in Japanese) http://www.amsl.or.jp/midoriishi/0409.pdf OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 07-01-2016 Putchakarn S & Sonchaeng P (2004) Echinoderm Fauna of Thailand: History and Inventory Reviews. ScienceAsia 30: 417-428. www.scienceasia.org/2004.30.n4/v30_417_428.pdf Saba M et al. (2002) Sea stars and brittle stars in Japanese waters. TBS Britanica Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 135pp. (in Japanese) Sanyo-Shikoku Nature Conservation Office (2005) Report of the nature restoration project at Tatsukushi area. Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of Environment: 1-215. (in Japanese) http://www.tatsukushi-saisei.com/shiryoushitu/pdf_sonota/H16/4_kai.pdf Selvakumaraswamy P & Byrne M (2000) Reproduction, spawning, and development of 5 ophiuroids from Australia and New Zealand. Invertebrate Biology 119(4): 394-402. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00109.x/abstract Starmer JA (2003) An annotated checklist of ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from Guam. Micronesica 35-36: 547-562. www.denix.osd.mil/nr/crid/Coral_Reef_Iniative_Database/Guam_files/Starmer,%202003.pdf Stohr S (2011) New records and new species of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. Zootaxa 3089: 1-50. citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.360.20&rep=rep1&type=pdf Uchida T (1974) Ophiuroidea. In: Animal systematics. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 142-207. (in Japanese)

Literature:

NA

Notes:

Report of the nature restration project at Tatsukushi area. Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of Environment