Oplegnathus fasciatus

Overview

Scientific Name: Oplegnathus fasciatus

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopteri

Order: Perciformes

Family: Oplegnathidae

Genus: Oplegnathus

Species:

fasciatus [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Various region of Japan from Hokkaido to south Kyushu except the Ariake Sea, Izu Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Yakushima Island, and Ryukyu Islands. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 1997) [Outside of Japan] South Kurile Islands, south coast of Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, East China Sea, and the coast of China from Zhejiang Province to Hong Kong. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 1997) Central Indo-Pacific [Japan] Various region of Japan from Hokkaido to south Kyushu except the Ariake Sea, Izu Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Yakushima Island, and Ryukyu Islands. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 1997) Coast of China from Zhejiang Province to Hong Kong. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 1997) Uncertain realm Taiwan (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 1997)

Geographic Range:

31º - 43ºN at the Pacific side and -44ºN at the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988)

General Diversity:

[Korea] FST and RST values showed no significant genetic differentiation among the three populations. These results suggest the possibility of a genetically identical population in southern Korea. (An et al. 2008) [China] The population genetic diversity of O. fasciatus in south China was significantly higher than those of north China. Three genealogical clades were checked in the O. fasciatus populations based on the NJ and MST analyses of mtDNA COI gene sequence, and the genetic distances among the clades ranged from 0.018 to 0.025. (Xiao et al. 2014)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[Suitable water temperature] Spawning: 20 ºC - 25 ºC. (Kumada et al. 1972, cited in Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association 1983) : 23 ºC - 24 ºC. (Kumai 1984) Juvenile stage: 22 ºC - 27.5 ºC (Takeuchi & Nanba 1972, cited in Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association 1983) Young fish (fork length from 10.5 to 12.5 cm): The safe living water temperature range is from 7 ºC to 33 ºC. (Kumai 1984)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Specific gravity condition and the corresponding value to the salinity in palenthes ] For fertilized egg: 22.00 (σ15) (as salinity: 30.3 psu) or greater. (Kumai 1984) To keep the larvae living: 15.00 (σ15) (as salinity: 21.2 psu) or greater. (Kumai 1984) To keep the young fish (fork length from 10.5 to 12.5 cm) living: 5.00 (σ15) (as salinity: 8.1 psu) or greater. (Kumai 1984)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

[Egg] Water temperature below 19 ºC or above 20 ºC causes high mortality. (Kumai 1984) [Young fish (folk length 9.8 to 16.2cm] The safe living water temperature range is from 7.0 to 33.0 ºC. (Kumai 1984) [Adult] Viable range of temperature is from 4 to 36 ºC. (Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association 1983)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See detail

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Semination starts when the water temperature rises up to 18 ºC or above, and spawning starts when the water temperature rises up to 20 ºC or above. The most suitable water temperature for semination and spawning is within the range from 23 to 24 ºC, and a water temperature of 28 ºC or above teminates them. (Kumai 1984)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Specific gravity condition and the corresponding value to the salinity in palenthes ] For fertilized egg to float: 22.00 (σ15) or greater. (salinity: 30.3 psu) (Kumai 1984) To keep the larvae living: 15.00 (σ15) or greater. (salinity: 21.2 psu) (Kumai 1984) To keep the young fish (fork length from 10.5 to 12.5 cm) living: 5.00 (σ15) or greater. (salinity: 8.1 psu) (Kumai 1984)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

If eggs do not float, their development is disturbed. For the normal development of eggs, specific gravity of 22.00 (σ15) (as salinity: 30.3 psu) or greater is needed. (Kumai 1984)

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

Live at the depth less than 50 m. (Abe & Honma 1997) Live at the depth during 1 and 10 m. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 2013)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

See details

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Reproduction takes place at the coastal zone at the exposed coast. (Abe & Honma 1997) After pairing, in time with the spawning of a female at near the surface, a male releases the sperm. Spawning takes place mainly from the early evening to the sunset. (Abe & Honma 1997) Spawnings take place mostly during the four hours from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p. m. with sunset as a peak. (Kumai 1984) Hatched larvae have yolk without mouth nor anus. (Matsubara et al. 1965) About four days after hatching at 3 mm body length, yolk is almost consumed and larvae need the foods. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) Fish grow up to 3 mm in four days after hatching consuming almost yolk and begin to feed from this stage. (Mito 1956, cited in Ochiai & Tanaka 1985, Kumai 1984)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

Although young fish less than 20 cm hardly moves, adult fish over 30 cm moves 15-20 km a day at the spawning season in the spring to the south. (Abe & Honma 1997) Young fish with 10-20 cm body length do not move widely. They stay within 1 km from the release point during a year but also have the rare case of 23 km move. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)

Maturity Size:

Cultured Japanese parrot fish is 13.3 cm for the male and 23.8 cm for the female. (Kumai 1984)

Maturity Age:

One year old for male and two year old for female.(Kumai 1984)

Reproduction Lifespan:

The spawning period in Japan is from April through July at the water temperature approximately 20 ºC . (Abe & Honma 1997) The spawning period in southern part of Wakayama Prefecture is from May through July. (Kumai 1984) The spawning period is from late April to early May. (Takeuchi & Nanba 1974, cited in Marine Ecology Research Institute 1978)

Longevity:

More than 6 years. (Fisheries Agency 2002)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

Water temperature is a key of the reproduction, because semination starts when the water temperature rises up to 18 ºC or above, and spawning starts when the water temperature rises up to 20 ºC or above. (Kumai 1984)

Reproduction Time:

The spawning period in Japan is from April through July at the water temperature approximately 20 ºC . (Abe & Honma 1997) The spawning period in southern part of Wakayama Prefecture is from May through July. (Kumai 1984) The spawning period is from late April to early May. (Takeuchi & Nanba 1974, cited in Marine Ecology Research Institute 1978)

Fecundity:

VARIABILITY Batch fecundity is approximately two millions. (Abe & Honma 1997) The size of parent fish and total number of ovarian eggs both rectilinearly increase in proportion to the growth of the fish. When aggrigating eggs of 0.1 mm diameter and larger, the number of the ovarian eggs of each parent fish (fork length 23.8 to 32.8 cm) having mature eggs is within the range of about 320,000 to 3,300,000. (Kumai 1984) It is possible to collect max 1,765,000 eggs from the natural fish of 2.9-4 kg weight. 2-4 years old reared fish releases 1,980,000/ind. during the spawning season from May to July. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)

Egg Size:

Egg size varies according to the age of parent fish and the season. [Variablity by age] (Ito 1978, cited in Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) Two years old fish: 0.74-0.92 mm (mean: 0.83mm) in diameter. Six years old fish: 0.82-0.96 mm (mean: 0.87mm) in diameter. [Variablity by season] (Ito 1978, cited in Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) Two years old fish: late May, 0.89 mm; late June, 0.85 mm; mid July, 0.84 mm in mean diameter. Six years old fish: early June, 0.90 mm; mid July, 0.86 mm in mean diameter.

Egg Duration:

The higher the water temperature, the faster the eggs are hatched. (Kumai 1984) It takes about 36 hours for hatching after fertilization at the water temperature of 20 ºC. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) It takes about 16 hours 10 minites at 29 ºC and 53 hours at 19 ºC for hatching after the fertilization. (Kumai 1984)

Early Life Growth Rate:

Fish grow up to 3 mm in four days after hatching consuming almost yolk and begin to feed from this stage. (Mito 1956, cited in Ochiai & Tanaka 1985, Kumai 1984) 9mm in 20 days after hatching. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) If the rotifer is used as the first food and then the copepoda and minced fish are given to the fish in proportion to the growth, the change of the total length of larvae and juveniles with the length of time after hatching at 20.4-23.4 ºC are as follows. Larval stage: 2.67mm just after hatching, 2.88mm in 24 hours, 3.02mm in two days, 3.17 in three days, 5.11mm in 12 days and 6.57mm in 18 days. Juvenile stage: 10.7mm in 28 days, 19.3mm in 35 days and 22.7mm in 37 days. (Kumai 1984)

Adult Growth Rate:

One year old fish: 15cm in total length (same as above) Two years old fish: 22cm Three years old fish: 25cm Four years old fish: 30cm Five years old fish: 35cm Six years old fish: 40cm (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

Common at Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) Kurile Islands and Eeast China Sea: rare (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 2013) O. f. is larger along the Pacific coast from Boso Peninsula to southern Kyushu than other region in Japanese waters. (Hatooka & Yanagimoto 2013)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky subtidal

Habitat Type:

Plagic

Substrate:

Rock

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Adult lives at the rocky shore with strong wave action. Young fish lives around the offshore artificial fish reef or breakwater or in the calm port foraging benthic animals or algae that attached to these substrata. (Abe & Honma 1997)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Carnivore: the foods of larvae are small planktonic crustaceans. (Abe & Honma 1997, Ochiai & Tanaka 1985) Omnivore: With the change to the benthic life style at the size of approximately 10cm, O. f. changes its foods from planktonic crustaceans to benthic organisms that include bryozoans or algae. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985, Abe & Honma 1997) Predator or Carnivore: The fish more than 15cm size prefers benthic or sessile animals with hard shell such as sea urchins or barnacles. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

The foods change according to the growth from planktonic crustaceans to benthic or sessile animals or algae. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985, Abe & Honma 1997)

Natural Control:

[Parasites] Frantically whirled fish were found in the fish preserve at the fish firm in Nagasaki Prefecture. This behavior called as trematod whirlin disease was caused by metacercaria of Galactosomum sp. that parasitized in the brain of the fish.It is assumed the invasion of cercaria into the fish has been caused at the sea where fish were caught. (Yasunaga & Inoue 1986) This disease causes fish death in one or two days after infection. (http://fishparasite.fs.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Galactosomum%20sp/Galactosomum.html)

Associated Species:

[Parasites} Benedenia hoshinai is found from the body surface and fins of the cultured O. f. (Ogawa 1984) [Parasites] Myxosporean species Ceratomyxa oplegnathus n. sp. was found from the gallbladder of cultured rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. (Cho et al. 2006) [Parasites] Both sexes of Calgus hoplognathi were collected from gills of O. fasciatus in Korean waters. (Venmathi Maran et al. 2015) [Parasites] Calgus hoplognathi were collected from mouth of O. fasciatus in Seto Inland Sea. (Nagasawa et al. 2010)

References and Notes

References:

Abe T & Honma A (eds.) (1997) Modern encyclopedia of fish. Yamamoto (comp.). NTS Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 1196pp. (in Japanese) An HS, Kim MJ, Honget SW (2008) Genetic Diversity of Rock Bream Oplegnathus fasciatus in Southern Korea. Genes & Genomics 30: 451-459. http://210.101.116.28/W_files/kiss3/09001793_pv.pdf Cho JB, Lee EH, Kwon SR, Kim CS, Kim KH (2006) Ceratomyxa oplegnathus n. sp. from the gallbladder of cultured rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Journal of the Fish Pathology 19: 109-117. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/ksfp/HGOPB8/2006/v19n2/HGOPB8_2006_v19n2_109.pdf Fisheries Agency (2002) White paper on fish. Fisheries Agency: 1-783pp. (in Japanese) Grobal Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=seriola+lalandi&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=0&y=0 Access date: 16-12-2015 Hatooka K & Yanagimoto N (2013) Oplegnathidae. In Fishes of Japan, with pictorial keys to the species. Third edition, Prat II. Nakabo T (ed.). Tokai-Daigaku Shuppan-Kai, Tokyo: 865-1747. (in Japanese) Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University : 1-475. (in Japanese) Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association (1983) Report of the effects of the major environmental factors on the aquatic life. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association: 1-449pp. (in Japanese) Kumai H (1984) Biological studies on culture of the Japanese parrot fish, Oplegnathsu fasiatus (Temminck et Schlegel). Bulletin of the Fisheries Laboratory of Kinki University 2: 1-127. (in Japanese with English summary) Marine Ecology Research Institute (1978) Report of the literature survey on the relation between the aquatic environment and the coastal marine life. Marine Ecology Research Institute: 1-361pp. (in Japanese) Matsubara K, Ochiai A, Iwai T (1965) Ichthyology. The first volume. Koseisha-Koseikaku Co. Ltd. Tokyo: 342pp. (in Japanese) Nagawasa K, Ueno D, Tang D (2010) A check list of copepods of the genus Caligus (Shiphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from fishes in Japanes waters (1927-2010). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 65: 103-122. (in Japanese with English abstract) Ochiai A & Tanaka M (1985) Ichthyology. The second volume. Koseisha-Koseikaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 1139pp. (in Japanese) Ogawa K (1984) Benedenia hoshinai sp. nov., a Monogenean Parasite on the Japanese Striped Knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish Pathology 19: 97-99. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsfp1966/19/2/19_2_97/_pdf Venmathi Maran BA, Soh HY, Hwang UW, Chang CY, Myoung JG (2015) First records of parasitic copepods (Crustacea, Siphonostomatoida) from marine fishes in Korea. Tropical Biomedicine 32: 352–364. http://www.msptm.org/files/352_-_364_Venmathi_Maran_BA.pdf Xiao Y, Li J, Ren G, Ma D, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Xu s (2014) Pronounced population genetic differentiation in the rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitochondrial DNA，2014, DOI:10.3109/19401736.2014.982553 (Abstract only) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427804 Yasunaga N & Inoue K (1986) On the trematod whirling disease occurred to the cultured Ishi-dai (Oplegnathus fasciatus) at Nagasaki Prefecture in 1985. Fish Pathology 21: 55-56. (in Japanese) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsfp1966/21/1/21_1_55/_pdf

Literature:

NA

Notes:

NA