Pinctada sp

Overview

Scientific Name: Pinctada sp

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Ostreida

Family: Pteriidae

Genus: Pinctada

Species:

imbricata (cf. clade fucata) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

[Pinctada martensii] Temperate N. Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific [Pinctada martensii] [Japan] From Boso Peninsula, central Honshu, at Pacific side and from Oga Peniusula at Japan Sea side to Okinawa.(Okutani ed. 2000) [Pinctada martensii] From Chiba prefecture at Pacific side and from Niigata prefecture, central Honshu, to Amami Island. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) [Pinctada martensii] [China] Fujian (Zhongyan ed. 2004) Central Indo-Pacific [Pinctada martensii] [China] Guagdong and Guangxi Province (Zhongyan ed. 2004)

Geographic Range:

[Pinctada martensii] [Japan] 0º and nortwards up to 37ºN along the Pacific coast and up to 39ºN along the Japan Sea coast of Japan. (Inaba 1982)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

[Pinctada martensii] No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

[Pinctada martensii] Mild temperate, Worm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[Pinctada martensii] Suitable water temperature is from 10ºC to 30ºC, and the optimum one is from 15ºC to 25ºC (Tamura 1960) or approximately 23ºC (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) High limit temperature for suvival is 30ºC and low limit of that is 8ºC. (Research Council of Marine Living Organisms and Thermal Effluent 1973)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Pinctada martensii] From 25 psu to 35.6 psu (corresponding value caliculated by a state equation of the water temperature and σt. The same applies to the following.) (Tamura 1960)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

[Pinctada martensii] Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

[Pinctada martensii] High temperature regime: shellfish mortality increases at 30ºC. Low temperature regime: shellfish falls in suspended animation at less than 13ºC, abnormality for breathing happens at 8ºC, breathing stopps at 6ºC. Long-term duration of less than 8ºC causes death of shellfish. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) Over 9ºC of sea water temperature throughout the year is good for the shellfish to survive. (Tamura 1960)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

[Pinctada martensii] Mild temperate, Worm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Pinctada martensii] Spawning begins when sea water temperature becomes about 22ºC and it is repeated several times during summer season. The peak of spawning appears when the sea water temperature is between 25ºC and 27ºC (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Pinctada martensii] From 25 psu to 35.6 psu (corresponding value caliculated by a state equation of the water temperature and σt. The same applies to the following.) (Tamura 1960) Though It can survive at high salinity like 34 psu, it may die in 40 hours at salinity of 10 psu. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

"VARIABILITY" [Pinctada martensii] 1-10m (Tamura 1960) -20m (Okutani ed. 2000) 0-20-30m (Inaba 1982)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

[Pinctada martensii] Spawning begins when sea water temperature becomes about 22ºC and it is repeated several times during summer season. The peak of spawning appears when the sea water temperature is between 25ºC and 27ºC (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

[Pinctada martensii] Useally found attached to stones or rocks by its byssus (Zhongyan ed. 2004)

Maturity Size:

[Pinctada martensii] From 3.3cm to 3.6cm in shell heigth (Miyazaki 1957)

Maturity Age:

[Pinctada martensii] One year (Miyazaki 1957)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Pinctada martensii] Spawning season is between May and September when water temperature attains at more than 21ºC in Mie prefecture. (Tamura 1960) Spawning season is between Jun and September with the peak between mid August and early September at Sasebo Bay, Nagasaki prefecture. (Tateishi & Adachi 1957) Spawning begins when sea water temperature becomes about 22ºC and it is repeated several times during summer season. The peak of spawning appears when the sea water temperature is between 25ºC and 27ºC (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) Peak season is between mid July and early August in Ishikawa prefecture and Miyazaki prefecture and between mid August and early September with the temperature between 25-27ºC in Nagasaki prefecrure. (Research Council of Marine Living Organisms and Thermal Effluent 1973)

Longevity:

[Pinctada martensii] Because the shellfish are used at least 5 years for pearl culture (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965), the longevity of P. martensii is estimated more than 5years. 8 years in Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture. (Kikuchi 1999)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Pinctada martensii] Spawning is induced by the rapid raise of water temperature and the change of water specific gravity caused by the clear weather after rain fall. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965)

Reproduction Time:

[Pinctada martensii] Spawning season is between May and September when water temperature attains at more than 21ºC in Mie prefecture. (Tamura 1960) Spawning season is between Jun and September with the peak between mid August and early September at Sasebo Bay, Nagasaki prefecture. (Tateishi & Adachi 1957) Spawning begins when sea water temperature becomes about 22ºC and it is repeated several times during summer season. The peak of spawning appears when the sea water temperature is between 25ºC and 27ºC (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) Peak season is between mid July and early August in Ishikawa prefecture and Miyazaki prefecture and between mid August and early September with the temperature between 25-27ºC in Nagasaki prefecrure. (Research Council of Marine Living Organisms and Thermal Effluent 1973)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

[Pinctada martensii] 48 μm (Tamura 1960)

Egg Duration:

[Pinctada martensii] It takes three hours 15 minutes until blastula and about 4 hours 15 minutes until trochophore after fertilization (Tamura 1960)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Pinctada martensii] Morulas develop into D-larvae of 80 μm shell height in two days via trochophore and veliger larval stage. About 20 days later, D-larvae develop into pediveliger larvae of 271 μm in shell height. (Tamura 1960)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Pinctada martensii] Adult grows up to 4.64cm in shell length in one year, up to 5.82cm in two years, up to 7.27cm in three years, up to 7.82cm in four years, and up to 8.06cm in five yearsr along the coast of Hokkaido. (Yamaguchi 1955)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky subtidal, other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Gravel, Rock

Exposure:

Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Pinctada martensii] Attached to rocks, gravels at sea bottom. (Tamura 1960, Okutani ed. 2000, Zhongyan ed. 2004)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

[Pinctada martensii] Detritus and plankton mainly consited of diatoms and other organisms. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965) Most size of floating larvae of molluscs is 70-110μm, but the size of 200μm is not rare, too. (Ohta 1959)]

Forage Mode:

Non-selective

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

[Pinctada martensii] [Parasites] Polydora sp. burrows at inner side of the shell causes reduction of growth, debility, and the death of shellfish. (Miyauchi 1965)

Associated Species:

[Pinctada martensii] [Parasites] Polydora sp. burrows at inner side of the shell causes reduction of growth, debility, and the death of shellfish. (Miyauchi 1965)

References and Notes

References:

Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the years 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract) Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 26-Aug-2015. Inaba A (1982) Mulluscan faune of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Kikuchi T (1999) Growth and age. In Handbook of Malacology. Habe et al. (eds.). Scientist Inc., Tokyo : 65-79. (in Japanese) Miyauchi T (1965) Notes on the Pteria (Pinctada) martensii (Dunker) which are injured by Polydora sp. Aquaculture Science 12: 209-220. (in Japanese) Miyazaki I (1957) Mariculture of bivalves. Isana Shobo Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 158pp. (in Japanese) Ohshima et al. eds. (1965) Shallow water aquaculture of 60 species. Taisei-shuppansha Inc., Tokyo: 418pp. (in Japanese) Ohta S (1959) Studies on the feeding habit of Pinctada martensii. II. Seasonal variation of the amount of faces of Pinctada martensii. Bulletin of the National Pearl Research Laboratory 5: 429-433. (in Japanese) Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Research Council of Marine Living Organisms and Thermal Effluent (1973) Effects of thermal effluent on marine living organisms. Series of fisheries science 25. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo: 158pp. (in Japanese) Tamura T (1960) Shallow sea aquaculture. Series of fisheries science 2. Koseisha-koseikaku inc., Tokyo: 368pp. (in Japanese) Tateishi S & Adachi I (1957) Histological observation of the gonad of the pearl-oyster Pinctada martensii (DÜNKER). Bulletin of the Facu1tyo f Fisheries，N agasaki University 5: 75-79. (in Japanese) Yamaguchi M (1955) Aquaculture of Pinctada martensii and its pearl. Series of fisheries science 9. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo: 85pp. (in Japanese) Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Extensive scientific information; peer-reviewed information; data specific to the location; supported by long-term datasets (10 years or more)

Notes:

NA