Seriola lalandi
Overview
Scientific Name: Seriola lalandi
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopteri
Order: Perciformes
Family: Carangidae
Genus: Seriola
Species:
lalandi
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific,
Central Indo-Pacific,
Temperate Australasia,
Western Indo-Pacific,
Eastern Indo-Pacific,
Tropical Eastern Pacific,
Temperate South America,
Temperate Southern Africa
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
[Japan] From Hokkaido to southern Kyushu along the coast of the Japan Sea, From Honshu to Okinawa (rare) along the coast of the Pacific Ocean via Seto Inland Sea, Yakushima, and Amami-Oshima Island (Nose 2013, Ocihai & Tanaka 1985)
[Russia] Peter the Great Bay. (Considerably rare) (Nose 2013)
[Korea] South and East coast of the Korean Peninsula. (Nose 2013)
[China] East China Sea, Shandong Peninsula (Rare). (Nose 2013)
Eastern Pacific: From British Columbia, Canada to Chile (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, cited in FAO 2004)
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Hawaii, Rapa, Pitcairn Island, and Easter Island. (FishBase 2015)
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Eastern Pacific: From British Columbia, Canada to Chile (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, cited in FAO 2004)
Temperate South America
Eastern Pacific: From British Columbia, Canada to Chile (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, cited in FAO 2004)
Temperate Southern Africa
South Africa (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1990, cited in FAO 2004)
Central Indo-Pacific
[Japan] From Honshu to Okinawa (rare) along the coast of the Pacific Ocean via Seto Inland Sea, Yakushima, and Amami-Oshima Island (Nose 2013, Ocihai & Tanaka 1985)
Amsterdam Island (FishBase)
Temperate Australasia
[Australia] Great Australian Bight and southeast Australia. (FAO 2004)
Throughout southern Australian sub-tropical and temperate waters from Trigg Island in Western Australia through South Australia, Victoria, eastern Tasmania, New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, including the southern areas of the Great Barrier Reef (Paxton et al. 1989, Kailola et al. 1993, cited in Diggles 2003).
[New Zealand] surrounding the North Island (including the Three Kings and Kermadec Islands) and the northern areas of the South Island. (Paul 2000, cited in Diggles 2003)
Western Indo-Pacific
[Other areas] Walter Shoal (Fricke 1999, cited in FAO 2004).
Uncertain realm
Eastern Atlantic: St. Helena Island (FAO 2004, Nose 2013)
Western Atlantic: Argentina (Nose 2013)
Geographic Range:
54ºN - 43ºS (FAO 2004)
General Diversity:
[Among Japan, Australia and New Zealand populations]
Significant genetic divergence was observed between the kingfish population from Japan and those from Australia-New Zealand. There was no significant differentiation among the Australian and New Zealand population samples. (Nugroho et al. 2001)
[Between Australia and New Zealand]
Pairwise analysis of sample location and Bayesian analysis showed that Western Australia S. lalandi were genetically distinct from S. lalandi sampled from the other localities (New Zealand, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia). No difference was found between New Zealand S. lalandi and eastern (New South Wales) or central (South Australia and Victoria) Australian fish. (Miller et al. 2011)
[World wide]
S. l. sensu lato, is a complex of three closely related species separated by location. Overall genetic differentiation among locations, as revealed by microsatellite data, was highly significant, and pairwise estimates of divergence derived from mitochondrial and microsatellite data support the presence of four significantly differentiated populations corresponding to the N.E. Pacific, N.W. Pacific, S. Pacific, and South Atlantic. (Purcel et al. 2015)
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
Not applicable
Second Vector:
Not applicable
Vector Details:
Not applicable
Spread Rate:
Not applicable
Date First Observed in Japan:
Not applicable
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
Not applicable
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
Not applicable
Global Impact:
Not applicable
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical
Native Temperature Range:
[Adult fish] 18 ºC - 24 ºC. (FAO 2004)
22.2 ºC - 22.5 ºC at the surface and 19.6 ºC - 19.9 ºC at the bottom off the river mouth of the Rio de la Plata. (Vergani et al. 2008)
For spawning: 19 ºC - 20 ºC. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Native Salinity Range:
29.17-31.41 psu at the surface and 32.72-32.86 psu at the bottom off the river mouth of the Rio de la Plata, Argentina.(Vergani et al. 2008)
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical
Temperature Range Survival:
NF
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
Warm temperate
Temperature Range Reproduction:
Suitable temperature for spawning is 19 ºC - 20 ºC. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Salinity Regime Survival:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Survival:
Juvenile fish reared at 14, 18 and 22 psu had higher growth rates than fish at 26 and 30 psu through increasing food intake at low salinity experimental tanks. (Garcia et al. 2014)
Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal,
Depth Range:
From surface (0m) to 50m through 20-36m. (Abe & Honma 1997, Gillanders et al. 1999, FAO 2004, Vergani et al. 2008)
From 3 to 825m. (Animal Divesity Web 2015)
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
NF
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
external
Reproduction Mode:
Gonochoristic/ dioecious
Spawning Type:
NA
Development Mode:
See details
Asexual Reproduction:
Does not reproduce asexually
Reproduction Details:
After the courtship between male and female, ten to fifteen minutes before spawning begins, the male begins to nip at the female's abdomen, while the female turns on her side and begins to swim in a circular fashion. As the female begins to spawn, the male follows suit. Spawning lasts approximately 20 seconds. (Moran, et al., 2007)
Adult Mobility:
Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)
Adult Mobility Details:
It is estimated based on the tagging experiment that a part of released population stay at the coastal waters but some move far from the release point with the migration speed of 12-15km/day. (Mori et al. 1982)
Wild kingfish do migrate naturally between Australia and New Zealand. (Giggles 2003)
Maturity Size:
VARIABILITY
The smallest fork length of male and female with mature gonads was 624 and 662 mm, respectively off western Kyushu, Japan. (Shiraishi et al. 2010)
The smallest mature female was 775 mm fork length (FL) and 50% of females reached sexual maturity at 944 mm FL and the smallest mature male was 750 mm FL and 50% of males reached sexual maturity at 812 mm FL at the east and west coast of northern New Zealand. (Poortenaar et al. 2001)
Another estimation shows maturity size is 83cm for males and 97cm females. (MacKenzie 2014)
Females first matured at 698 mm fork length (FL) but 50% maturity was not attained until 834 mm FL.
The smallest recorded mature male was 360 mm FL and the estimated size at which 50% of males were mature was 470 mm FL in New South Wales, Australia. (Gillanders et al. 1999)
First matured at 506 mm FL for female off the coast of California. (Baxter 1960, cited in Gillanders et al. 1999)
Maturity Age:
VARIABILITY
The first maturation age was estimated to be 2 years old for both sexes off western Kyushu, Japan. (Shiraishi et al. 2010)
0+ years for 50% maturity in males and 3+ years for first maturity in females in New South Wales, Australia. (Gillanders et al. 1999)
According to age-growth models developed on NSW populations, size at first maturity and 50% maturity of NZ populations were 4 and 7–8 years for female, respectively and those in males from NZ populations were 4 and 5 years, respectively. (Poortenaar et al. 2001)
1+ years for first matured in female off the coast of California. (Baxter 1960, cited in Gillanders et al. 1999)
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female and male) is 2 (low) years in California. (Animal Diversity Web 2015)
Reproduction Lifespan:
VARIABLITY
From spring to summer with the peak from April to May at Goto Island, Japan. (Abe & Honma 1997)
From April to June off western Kyushu, Japan. (Shiraishi et al. 2010)
From November to January in New Zealand. (Poortenaar et al. 2001)
During the winter, from December to January in California. (Animal Divesity Web 2015)
Longevity:
VARIABILITY
At least 22 years for female and 23 years for mlale. (MacKenzie et al. 2014)
More than 24 years. (MacKenzie, 2014)
Observed maximum age is 15 years. (Thompson et al. 1999)
Wild California yellowtail have an estimated maximum lifespan of 12 years. (Animal Diversity Web 2015)
Broods per Year:
Nf
Reproduction Cues:
Temperature is expected as reproduction cues. (e.g. Abe & Honma 1997, Ochiai & Tanaka 1985, McKenzie et al. 2014 etc)
Reproduction Time:
VARIABLITY
From spring to summer with the peak from April to May at Goto Island, Japan. (Abe & Honma 1997)
From April to June off western Kyushu, Japan. (Shiraishi et al. 2010)
From November to January in New Zealand. (Poortenaar et al. 2001)
During the winter, from December to January in California. (Animal Divesity Web 2015)
Fecundity:
Different by body size: 76cm, 1,370,000; 85cm, 2,000,000; over 92cm, 3,760,000. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Egg Size:
Japan: 1.3-1.5mm in diameter. (Abe & Honma 1997)
1.40±0.06mm (Akasaki & Yoden 1990a)
Egg Duration:
It takes approximately 90 hours at 19 ºC and approximately 60 hours at 23 ºC for hatching. (Abe & Honma 1997)
It takes 49 hours 33 minutes at 23 ºC. (Akasaki & Yoden 1990a)
105 hours in California. (Animal Diversity Web 2015)
Early Life Growth Rate:
Fish grow up to 4.5 mm in two days after hatching consuming almost yolk and mouth opens at this stage. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
[Variation of mean total length after hatching based on 5 individuals at 21.8-23.9 ºC] (Akasaki & Yoden 1990b)
Larval state: After hatching 4.0mm.
1 day 4.0mm.
3 days 4.9mm.
5 days 4.9mm.
7 days 5.1mm.
9 days 5.3mm.
11 days 5.5mm.
15 days 6.7mm.
21days 7.6mm.
Juvenile stage: 26 days 11.4mm
38 days 24.0mm
52 days 57.0mm
Adult Growth Rate:
One year old fish: 40cm in folk length (same as above)
Two years old fish: 65cm
Three years old fish: 83cm
Four years old fish: 95cm (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Around 1 year or less in culture: 30cm in folk length (Diggles 2002)
Population Growth Rate:
The minimum population doubling time is less than 15 months with an high resillicence. (FAO 2004)
Population Variablity:
Juvniles are present in offshore waters as schools.
Can solitary or found in small grroups near rochky shores, reefs and islands and off kelp beds. (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, cited in FAO 2004)
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Rocky subtidal, Water column, Flotsam
Habitat Type:
Pelagic, Demersal
Substrate:
Rock
Exposure:
Exposed, Semi-exposed
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
Juveniles are present in offshore waters as schools, very often near or beyond the continental shelf (Smith 1978, cited in FAO 2004) but they are never associated with floating algae or debris. (Abe & Tanaka 1997)
Young fish from 20-50cm in total length are observed to be associated with floating woods or debris during spring and early summer. (Abe & Tanaka 1997)
Adult fish can be solitary or found in small groups near rocky shores, reefs and iskands and off kelp bets. (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, cited in FAO 2004)
Adult fish over 1kg live are associated with rocky reefs. (Mori et al. 1982, Vergani et al. 2008)
CONFLICT
Juvenile kingfish less than 30 cm FL are rarely seen, as they are found far from land in the epipelagic zone associated with flotsam or floating weed which they use to provide camouflage. (Diggles 2003)
Trophic Level:
See details
Trophic Details:
Predator or Carnivore: Adult fish (total length from 50-86cm) food mainly juvenile horse mackerel. Others are Loligo and Serranus in Argentine waters. (Vergani et al. 2008)
Japanese anchovy, Japanese horse mackerel, mackerel, Japanese common squid and mysids in Japanese waters. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Small fish, squid and crustaceans. (Bianchi et al. 1993, cited in FAO 2004)
Larval California yellowtail are planktivorous, while adults are carnivorous predators, known to consume round herring, sardines, squids, northern anchovies, and California flyingfish. (Baxter, 1960)
Forage Mode:
Generalist
Forage Details:
Adult fish (total length from 50-86cm) food mainly juvenile horse mackerel. Others are Loligo and Serranus in Argentine waters. (Vergani et al. 2008)
Japanese anchovy, Japanese horse mackerel, mackerel, Japanese common squid and mysids in Japanese waters. (Ochiai & Tanaka 1985)
Small fish, squid and crustaceans. (Bianchi et al. 1993, cited in FAO 2004)
Natural Control:
Eggs and larvae of California yellowtail are eaten by mollusks, echinoderms, crabs, and fish.
Small juveniles can be eaten by any other organism larger than themselves.
Although adults have few predators due to their speed, great white sharks and California sea lions are able to catch and consume them. (Animal Diversity Web 2015)
[Parasites] Flat warms like Benedenia seriolae and Zeuxapta seriolae that inhabit the skin and gills in cultured yellowtail can cause reduced appetite, slower growth, and in extreme cases can cause death to the host by loss of osmotic control (skin flukes) or anoxia (gill flukes) (Sharp et al. cited in Kolkovskii & Asakura 2004)
Associated Species:
Described only parasites in natural conditon.
[Viruses] Iridoviridae: Lymphocystis - body and fins, wild kingfish in New South Wales, Australia. (Diggles 2003)
[Microsporidia] Microsporidium seriolae - muscle, Japan. (Okamoto 2011)
[Metazoa] Myxozoa: Unicapsula seriolae - muscle, wild kingfish in Queensland, Australia. (Diggles 2003)
Kudoa sp. - muscle, wild kingfish, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. (Rohde 1976, cited in Diggles 2003)
[Copepoda] Brachiella sp. - gills, wild kingfish, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. (Rohde 197, cited in Diggles 2003)
Caligus spinosus - gills, wild kingfish, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Rohde 1977 cited in Diggles 2003) and Shimasho, Japan. (Nagasawa et al. 2010)
Caligus aesopus - skin (Jones 1988), gills, New Zealand. (Sharp 2001, cited in Diggles 2003)
Caligus lalandei - skin, New Zealand (Jones 1988, Sharp et al. submitted, cited in Diggles 2003)
Lernanthropus sp. - gills, New Zealand. (Sharp 2001, cited in Diggles 2003)
Neobrachiella sp. - gills, New Zealand. (Sharp 2001, cited in Diggles 2003)
[Monogenea] Benedenia seriolae - body surface, wild kingfish, Coffs Harbour, NSW, captive kingfish, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Whittington 1996, cited in Diggles 2003) and New Zealand. (Hine et al. 2000, Sharp 2001, cited in Diggles 2003)
[Polyopisthocotylea] Paramicrocotyloides reticularis - gills, wild kingfish, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef (Rohde 1978, cited in Giggles 2003)
Zeuxapta seriolae - gills, wild kingfish, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef (Rohde 1978, cited in Geggles 2003) and New Zealand. (Hine et al. 2000, Sharp 2001, cited in Giggles 2003).
[Nematoda] Anisakis spp. larvae - encysted on mesenteries and body cavity, New Zealand. (Hewitt and Hine 1972, cited in Geggles 2003)
Hysterothylacium aduncum - intestine, New Zealand. (Hewitt and Hine 1972, cited in Geggles 2003)
Hysterothylacium seriolae - stomach, New Zealand. (Hewitt and Hine 1972, cited in Geggles 2003)
Hysterothylacium spp. larvae - encysted on stomach, intestine, body cavity, New Zealand. (Hewitt and Hine 1972, cited in Geggles 2003)
References and Notes
References:
Abe T & Honma A (eds.) (1997) Modern encyclopedia of fish. Yamamoto (comp.). NTS Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 1196pp. (in Japanese)
Akasaki M & Yoden Y (1990a) Egg development and incubation period of Hiramasa Seriola lalandi. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University 37: 41-47. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Akasaki M & Yoden Y (1990b) The growth and the metamorphosis of larvae and juvenile of Hiramasa Seriola lalandi. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University 37: 49-58. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Animal Diversity Web http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Seriola_lalandi/#F537BF3D-1B4D-11E3-B489-002500F14F28 Access date: 18-12-2015
Baxter J (1960) A study of the Yellowtail, Seriola lalandi (Gill). FISH BULLETIN 110: 1-96. http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt15800182&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text
Diggles BK (2003) Impor risk assessment: Juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from Spencer Gulf Aquaculture, South Australia. NIWA Client Report: 54pp.
FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php Access date: 16-12-2015.
FAO (2002) Capture-based aquaculture. The fattening of eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails. FAO: 1-308pp.
Garcia AB, Gavin, Partridge J, Flik G, Roques JAC, Abbink W (2014) Ambient salinity and osmoregulation, energy metabolism and growth in juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture Research 46: 2789-2797.
Gillanders BM, Ferrell DJ, Andrew NL (1999) Size at maturity and seasonal changes in gonad activity of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi;Carangidae) in New South Wales, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 457-468. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288330.1999.9516891
Grobal Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=seriola+lalandi&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=0&y=0 Access date: 16-12-2015
Kolkovski S & Sakakura Y (2004) Yellowtail kingfish, from larvae to mature fish problems and opportunities. In: Cruz Suarez, L.E., Ricque Marie, D., Nieto Lopez, M.G., Villarr eal, D., Scholz, U. y Gonzalez, M. Avances en Nutricion Acuicola VII. Memorias del VII Simpos ium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola.Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico: 109-125.
McKenzie JR (2014) Review of productivity parameters and stock assessment options for kingfish (Seriola lalandi). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2014/04: 1-18pp.
McKenzie J, Smith M, Watson T, Francis M, Ó Maolagáin C, Poortenaar C, Holdsworth J (2004) Age, growth, maturity and natural mortality of New Zealand kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi). New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2014/03: 1-36pp.
Miller PA, Fitch AJ, Gardner M, Hutson KS, Mair G (2011) Genetic population structure of Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) in temperate Australasian waters inferred from microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. Aquaculture 319: 328–336.
Moran D, Smith C, Gara B, Poortennar C (2007) Reproductive behaviour and early development in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833). Aquaculture 262: 95-104.
Mori I, Yogata T, Fujita S (1982) Estimation of population parameter of amberjacks, Seriola aureovitata, in the sea of west part of Goto Islands based on tagging experiment. Bulletin Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries 8: 21-25. (in Japanese) http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010323581.pdf
Nagawasa K, Ueno D, Tang D (2010) A check list of copepods of the genus Caligus (Shiphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from fishes in Japanese waters (1927-2010). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 65: 103-122. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Nose H (2013) Caranigidae. In: Fishes of Japan, with pictorial keys to the species. Third edition, Prat II. Nakabo T (ed.). Tokai-Daigaku Shuppan-Kai, Tokyo: 878-899. (in Japanese)
Nuguroho E, Ferrell DJ, Smith P, Taniguchi N (2001) Genetic divergence of kingfish from Japan, Australia and New Zealand inferred by microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA control region markers. Fisheries Science 67: 843-850. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fishsci1994/67/5/67_5_843/_pdf
Ochiai A & Tanaka M (1985) Ichthyology. the second volume. Koseisha-Koseikaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 1139pp. (in Japanese)
Okamoto M (2011) The parasites of fishes and shellfishes caught in the south-western Sea of Japan off Shimane Prefecture. Bulletin of the Shimane Prefectural Fisheries Technology Center 3: 55-68. (in Japanese) http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/industry/suisan/shinkou/suigi/publish/kenkyuhou/016/index.data/08kiseicyu.pdf
Poortenaar CW, Hooker SH, Sharp N (2001) Assessment of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi) reproductive physiology, as a basis for aquaculture development. Aquaculture 201: 271-286.
Purcell CM, Chabot CL, Craig MT, Martinez-Takeshita N, Allen LG, Hyde JR (2015) Developing a genetic baseline for the yellowtail amberjack species complex, Seriola lalandi sensu lato, to assess and preserve variation in wild populations of these globally important aquaculture species. Conservation Genetics 16: 1475-1488.
Shiraishi T, Ohshimo S, Yukami R (2010) Age, growth and reproductive characteristics of gold striped amberjack 1 Seriola lalandi in the waters off western Kyushu, Japan. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 117 127.
Thompson BA, Beasley M, Wilson CA (1999) Age distribution and growth of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, from the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Bulletin 97: 362–371. http://fishbull.noaa.gov/13thomps.pdf
Vergani M, Acha EM, Diaz de Astarloa JM, Giberto D (2008) Food of the yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi from the south-west Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 851-852.
Literature:
NA
Notes:
NA