Smittoidea spinigera
Overview
Scientific Name: Smittoidea spinigera
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Gymnolaemata
Order: Cheilostomatida
Family: Smittinidae
Genus: Smittoidea
Species:
spinigera
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific
Native Region:
Origin Location:
Temperate Northern Pacific
[China] Fujian Province (Liu 2008, cited in Bock 2015; Jiasheng et al 2005) STATUS NOT STATED
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Beihunangcheng Island, Zhifu Bay off Yantai Harbor, Lingshan Island located in Jiaozhou Bay off Qingdao Harbor, and Dachen Island located at Province Zhejiang. (Liu 1990) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
[Western Pacific] China (Liu 2008, cited in Bock 2015; Jiasheng et al 2005)
General Diversity:
NF
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)
Non-native Region:
Not applicable
Invasion Propens:
Not applicable
Status Date Non-native:
Not applicable
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
NF
Second Vector:
NF
Vector Details:
NF
Spread Rate:
NF
Date First Observed in Japan:
NF
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
NF
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
NF
Global Impact:
NF
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate
Native Temperature Range:
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Quingdao: max 27.0ºC in summer and min 2.1ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003)
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Non-native Temperature Regime:
Not applicable
Non-native Temperature Range:
Not applicable
Native Salinity Regime:
Euhaline
Native Salinity Range:
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Quingdao: max 32.6psu in dry period and min 31.6psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003)
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Not applicable
Temperature Regime Survival:
NF
Temperature Range Survival:
NF
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
NF
Temperature Range Reproduction:
NF
Salinity Regime Survival:
NF
Salinity Range Survival:
NF
Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal
Depth Range:
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Zhifu Bay off Yantai harbor: Intertidal. (Liu 1990)
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Beihuangcheng Island located at Province Shandong: Intertidal. (Liu 1990)
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Lingshan Island located in Jiaozhou Bay off Qingdao: About 20m deep. (Liu 1990)
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Dachen Island located at Province Zhejiang: Intertidal. (Liu 1990)
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
NF
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
See details
Reproduction Mode:
Hermaphrodite/monoecious
Spawning Type:
NA
Development Mode:
Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)
Asexual Reproduction:
Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parentâ€)
Reproduction Details:
RELATED:
[Order: Cheilostomata] Free spawning species produce the characteristic triangular cyphonautes larva. These larvae are long-lived and planktotrophic. The larval body is enclosed in a membranous shell; the size can be up to little over 1 mm. Cyphonautes larvae are not keyed out - if possible at all. (van Couwelaar 2003)
[Gymnolaemates] Internal fertilization, whether intracoelomic or intraovarian, is obligatory (Temkin 1994 and 1996, cited in Ostrovsky 2013)
[Gymnolaemates] Differ from most organisms in that sperm-egg fusion does not stimulate egg activation. Egg activation may not occur until "spawned" outside of maternal zooid (Temkin 1991)
[Bryozoans] While sperm is spawned through pores in lophophore tentacles, eggs are usually harbored inside the body wall, and are internally fertilized by sperm, coming in on lophophore feeding currents (Brusca and Brusca 2003, cited in Rouse 2011; Kozloff 1990, cited in Rouse 2011)
[Bryozoans] Colonial hermaphrodites, with testes (spermatogenic tissue) and ovaries developing either within the same zooid (zooidal hermaphroditism) or in different zooids within the same colony (zooidal gonochorism) (Ostrovsky 2013)
Members of the phylum Bryozoa are hermaphroditic. Both fertilization and egg brooding may either be internal or external (Ruppert et al. 2004)
[Bryozoa] All bryozoan colonies are hermaphroditic. Autozooids may be dioecious; or monoecious, and protandrous or protogynous. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Bryozoa] Reproduces asexually by budding. (Mawatari 1976)
Adult Mobility:
Sessile
Adult Mobility Details:
RELATED:
[Bryozoa] The abundance and taxonomic diversity of benthic bryozoan faunas are directly related to substratum. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Bryozoa] Bryozoan colonies are sessile (Hayami 1975)
[Bryozoa] Bryozoans are a phylum of sessile, colonial suspension feeders found throughout the world in both marine and freshwater environments. (Tilbrook 2012)
Maturity Size:
NF
Maturity Age:
NF
Reproduction Lifespan:
NF
Longevity:
NF
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
RELATED:
[Bryozoans] Experiments often used light as a cue to collect embryos/larvae (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
[Bryozoa] In coastal species light is an important stimulus to larval release, and many cheilostomates shed larvae during the first few hours of daylight. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Bryozoa] In various degrees of intensity according to the species temperature also stimulates sexual reproduction. (Winston 1977)
Reproduction Time:
NF
Fecundity:
NF
Egg Size:
RELATED:
[Gymnolaemata] About 200µm (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
Egg Duration:
NF
Early Life Growth Rate:
RELATED:
[Gymnolaemata] Two phases of larvae metamorphosis: first stage about 20mins; second stage 1-6 days (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)
Adult Growth Rate:
NF
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
NF
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Other
Habitat Type:
Epizoic
Substrate:
Biogenic
Exposure:
Semi-exposed
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Found on the shell of mollusks and on the hydrozoans attached to the artificial fish reef. (Liu 1990)
[Smittina spiniigera (Synonymized taxon)] Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.)
Trophic Level:
Suspension feeder
Trophic Details:
RELATED:
[Bryozoans] Suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001)
[Bryozoa] Many phytoplankton species are cleary unsuitable as food for bryozoans. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Cheilostomata] Main food is diatom, protozoans and etc. and unappropriate sized particles are ejected (Mawatari 1976)
Forage Mode:
Generalist
Forage Details:
RELATED:
[Bryozoans] Suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001)
[Bryozoa] Many phytoplankton species are cleary unsuitable as food for bryozoans. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Cheilostomata] Main food is diatom, protozoans and etc. and unappropriate sized particles are ejected (Mawatari 1976)
Natural Control:
RELATED:
PREDATION
[Predation] [Bryozoa] Browsers and grazers, including sea urchins, fish, crabs and some prosobranchs, are known to include bryozoans in their diet. (Hayward & Ryland 1998)
[Predation] [Bryozoa] Bryozoans are also the prey of very many small, selective predators, some of which may be adapted to a very narrow spectrum of prey species. Among them opisthobranch predators of bryozoans are well known. (Hayward & Ryland 1999)
[Predation] [Bryozoa] Other than opisthobranchs as a predator, amphipods, isopods, mites and pycnogonids have all been recorded preying on bryozoan colonies. (Hayward & Ryland 1998)
EPIBIONTS
[Epibionts] [Cheilostomata] It is frequently observed in Japan that several species of hydroids flourish on Cheilostomata cause damages to them. (Mawatari 1976)
Associated Species:
NF
References and Notes
References:
Bock, P. (2015). Smittoidea spinigera (Liu, 1990). In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Retrieved from World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=470579
Clarke C, Hillard R, Junqueira AOR, Neto ACL, Polglaze J, Raaymakers S (2003) Ballast water risk assessment, Port of Sepetiba, Fedral Republic of Brazil. GloBallast Monograph Series 14: 1-63 + 7 Appendices.
Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/ Access Date: 2-April-2016.
Hao, J., Li, C., Sun, X., & Yang, G. (2005). Phylogeny and divergence time estimation of cheilostome bryozoans based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(12), 1205-1211.
Hayami T (1975) Neogene Bryozoa from northern Japan. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Ser. 2 (Geology) 45: 83-126. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110004646784.pdf?id=ART0007368357&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1458033798&cp
Hayward PF & Ryland JS (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa part 2. Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series). Barnes RSK & Crothers JH (eds.) No. 14 (Second Edition). The Linnean Society of London and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association by Field Studies Council: 416pp.
Hill, K. (2001) Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved from http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Electr_bellul.htm
Liu X (1990) Three new cheilostome bryozoans from the coasts of Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces. Studia Marina Sinica 31: 121-128. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Mawatari S (1976) Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Animal systematics. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 35-229. (in Japanese)
Ostrovsky, A. N. (2013). Evolution of Sexual Reproduction in Marine Invertebrates – Example of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Dordrectht: Springer Netherlands. Doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7146-8
Rouse, S. (2011). Aetea anguina. Bryozoa of the British Isles. Retrieved from http://britishbryozoans.myspecies.info/content/aetea-anguina-linnaeus-1758
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A functional evolutionary approach. Ann Arbor, MN: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Temkin, M. H. (1991). Fertilization in the Gymnolaemate Bryozoa (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (DP23819).
Tilbrook KJ (2012) Cheilostomata: first records of two invasive species in Australia and the northerly range extension for a third. Check List 8: 181-183. http://www.checklist.org.br/getpdf?NGD192-11
Winston JE (1977). Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: A critical review. Chesapeake Science, 18: 34â€57. doi:10.2307/1350363. https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A6214/datastream/OBJ/view/Distribution_and_ecology_of_estuarine_ectoprocts__A_critical_review.pdf
Woollacott, R. M., & Zimmer, R. L. (Eds.). (1977). Biology of Bryozoans. New York, NY: Academic Press
Literature:
Little or no information; expert opinion based on general knowledge
Notes:
NA