Telmatogeton japonicus

Overview

Scientific Name: Telmatogeton japonicus

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Chironomidae

Genus: Telmatogeton

Species:

japonicus [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Temperate Northern Atlantic. Hawaii Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Hokkaido; Shirahama; Karo; Seto (NOBANIS 2016; Akioka et al 1999; Benbow et al 2003; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Cornette et al 2015; Failla et al 2015; Tokunaga 1935; Garbary et al 2009; Hashimoto 1976; Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a; Tokunaga 1935; Lee II and Reusser 2012) STATUS STATED [Japan] So far recorded Chiba, Kanagawa, Kochi, Wakayama, Hiroshima, and Tottori Prefecture, though it is considered to be widely distributed along the Japanese coasts from Hokkaido to Kyushu. (Kobayashi 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Asari, Otaru City, Hokkaido, Japan Sea side. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a, b) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Seto, Wakayama Prefecture, Kii Pninsula and Karo Harbor, Tottori Prefecture, Japan Sea side. (Tokunaga 1935) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Cape Ashizuri, Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku. (Kawai et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Eastern Indo-Pacific [Hawaii] Hilo, Island of Hawaii. (Willis 1947) STATUS NOT STATED [Hawaii] Kaho'olawe; Hilo; Waiohue Bay, Maui (NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Coles et al 1998; Failla et al 2015; Hashimoto 1976; Wirth 1947, cited in Howard 1982; Newman 1977) STATUS STATED Some authors include Hawaii among its native distribution (NOBANIS 2016) Temperate Northern Atlantic [Canada] St. John's, Newfoundland (Colbo 1996) * Palaearctic and Nearctic, but Colbo (1996) is first record from Canada. Note: this source is noted as introduced by NOBANIS (2016) [Canada] St. John's, Newfoundland (Failla et al 2015; Lichtwardt et al 2001; Strongman 2007) STATUS NOT STATED [United States] Santa Rosa Island near Pensacola, Florida and Long Island, New York. (Wirth 1952) STATUS NOT STATED Off the coasts of Galveston, Texas and Cameron, Louisiana (Howard 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [France] Corsica (Moubayed-Breil and Ashe 2012) STATUS NOT STATED, but new record for Corsica [Telmatogeton gedanensis (Synonymized taxon)] [Poland] Gdynia-Orlowo, Baltic Sea. (Szadziewski 1977) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Gulf of Mexico. (Howard 1982) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Virtually cosmopolitan distribution (Cranston 2004) [Western Pacific] Japan to Australia; Hawaii (Akioka et al 1999; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Hashimoto 1976) [Western Atlantic] From Newfoundland, Canada to Florida, US (Caldwell et al 1997; NOBANIS 2016; Colbo 1996; Lichtwardt et al 2001) [Japan] 31º-36ºN at both Pacific side and Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988)

General Diversity:

Telmatogeton remanei turned out to be synonymous to T. japonicus (Kronberg 1986, cited in Kronberg 1988) Closest marine ancestor of an undescribed freshwater species (Newman 1977; Newman 1988; Sugimaru et al 2010) T. japonicus and T. murrayi are very close; most of the differences are due to allometry; considerably larger size of T. murrayi and different ratios in some morphological differences (Sæther 2009)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Yes, see inv_propens

Non-native Region:

Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Some authors include Hawaii among its native distribution (NOBANIS 2016). Status in eastern Canada and western Atlantic (it is on the list of priority conservation species in the state of Carolina (Brodin and Andersson 2009)) is not clear; conflict in northeast Atlantic Temperate Northern Atlantic [Canada] St. John's, Newfoundland (Colbo 1996) * Palaearctic and Nearctic, but is first record from Canada. Note: this source is noted as introduced by NOBANIS (2016) [US] New York; New Jersey; Georgia; North Carolina (Wirth 1952; NOBANIS 2016; WoRMS 2015; Caldwell et al 1997; Hashimoto 1976; Beck and Beck 1959, cited in Hashimoto 1976; Howard 1982; Hudson et al 1990; Peterson 1979) *Introduced [Ireland] Clare; British Isles (De Jong et al 2007, cited in Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Murray 2000, cited in Minchin 2007; Minchin et al 2013; Murray et al 2013) *Alien [UK] England; British Isles (NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Haydar 1976; Murray 2000, cited in Minchin 2007) *Introduced [Germany] Kiel; Rostock; Rügen; Helgoland; Wadden Sea; North Sea; Baltic Sea (WoRMS 2015; NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Buschbaum et al 2012; Failla et al 2015; Gollasch 2012; Haydar 1976; Kronberg 1987; Kronberg 1988; Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) *Introduced, alien [Poland] Gdynia; Baltic Sea (NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) *Introduced [The Netherlands] Wadden Sea; North Sea (Brodin and Andersson 2009; van der Have et al 2015; Vanagt et al 2013) *Likely alien [Portugal] Madeira; Azores (Brodin and Anderson 2009; NOBANIS 2016; Failla et al 2015; Sæther 2009) *Introduced [Sweden] Baltic Sea; Kattegat; Skagerrak; Gullmarsfjord; Kalmar (WoRMS 2015; NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008) *Introduced [Finland] Gulf of Finland; Baltic Sea (WoRMS 2015; Paasivirta 2014; Raunio et al 2009) *Introduced [Denmark] North Sea (Horns Rev offshore wind farm) (DONG Energy 2006, cited in NOBANIS 2016; Bouma and Lengkeek 2009; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Haydar 1976; Leonhard and Pedersen 2006; Madsen et al 2004; Miller et al 2013; Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008) *Introduced [Norway] (Haydar 1976) *Introduced and established [Belgium] Baltic Sea; Belgian Coast; Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone; North Sea (WoRMS 2015; CABI 2011; NOBANIS 2016; De Mesel et al 2013; De Mesel et al 2015; Degraer et al 2013; Failla et al 2015; Haydar 1976; Kerckhof et al 2007; Kerckhof et al 2010; Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008) *Alien Off the Belgian coast (Belgium). (Kerckhof et al. 2007) *Non-indigenous Southern Kalmar Strait (Sweden). (Brodin & Andersson 2009) *Likely alien Envikinlahti and Haapasaari Island (Finland). (Raunio et al. 2009) *Alien Islands of Azores, Madeira, Portugal, Netherland, Ireland, Norway (Brodin & Andersson 2009) *Likely alien Temperate Australasia [Australia] South Australia (Newman 1988; NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; WoRMS 2015; Hashimoto 1976; Freeman 1961, cited in Hashimoto 1976) *Introduced Eastern Indo-Pacific [US] Hawaii was considered non-indigenous region (Lee II and Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous Uncertain realm [US] Florida; Gulf of Mexico (NOBANIS 2016; WoRMS 2015; Caldwell et al 1997; Hashimoto 1976; Beck and Beck 1959, cited in Hashimoto 1976; Hudson et al 1990; Peterson 1979) *Introduced [Iceland] (De Jong et al 2007, cited in Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Sæther 2009) *Likely alien Iceland (Brodin & Andersson 2009), but that latter may be separate species (Sæther 2009, cited in Jensen 2010) *Likely alien Uncertain status [Baltic Sea and North Sea] Rostock and Sassnitz/Rügen (Germany), Kristinberg and Uddevalla at Gullmafjord (Sweden), Baltic Sea and Helgoland, North Sea (Germany). (Kronberg 1986) [Western Atlantic] Whether it is an alien species in the western Atlantic is not known; It is on the list of priority conservation species in the state of Carolina (Brodin and Andersson 2009) [Telmatogeton remanei (Synonymized taxon)] [Germany] Near Kiel. (Remmert 1963)

Status Date Non-native:

[Canada] Near St. John's, Newfoundland: Between 1990 and 1994. (Colbo, 1996) [US] Florida/New York: Collection in 1949 and 1950. May have been introduced to US form Canada from 1990-1994 (Hudson et al 1990; Colbo 1996; NOBANIS 2016) [Ireland] Collected in 1999 at Clare (Murray 2000, cited in Minchin 2007; Murray et al 2013) [Belgium] First observed in/earlier than 2005 on buoys (WoRMS 2015; Kerckhof e al 2007) [Germany] First record in Europe as T. remanei, from 1962 in the estuary near Kiel (Remmert 1963, cited in NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) [Poland] Described as a new species T. gedanensis in 1977 (NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009) [The Netherlands] First record in 2005 (van der Have et al 2015) [Sweden] Baltic Sea Coast in 2007 (Brodin and Anderson 2009; NOBANIS 2016; Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008) [Finland] Coast of Finland in 2008 (Raunio et al 2009; NOBANIS 2016) [Denmark] First observed in Danish waters in 2003 after initial colonization on offshore windfarms (Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) [Baltic Sea and North Sea] Rostock: 1982, Sassnitz/Rügen: 1984, Germany; Kristineberg: 1983, Sweden, Baltic Sea and Helgoland: 1982, Germany, North Sea. (Kronberg 1986) Danish windfarms in North Sea: 2003. (DONG Energy 2006, cited in Jensen 2010) Off the Belgian coast, Belgium: prior to 2005. (Kerckhof et al. 2007) Southern Kalmar Strait, Sweden: August 2007. (Brodin & Andersson 2009) Envikinlahti and Haapasaari Island, Finland: September 2008. (Runio et al. 2009) [Telmatogeton remanei (Synonymized taxon)] [Gernany] Near Kiel: October 1962. (Remmert 1963)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Hull fouling (commercial, not specified), Ballast water

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Hull fouling on ships (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Shipping a likely vector into Europe through ballast water of ships (WoRMS 2015; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Failla et al 2015; Madsen et al 2004) Distribution may have been extended by maritime trade (Cranston 2004) Without human and animal assistance, long range movement of chironomids between and within biogeographical regions would be nearly impossible (Failla et al 2015) T. j. is suspected to be introduced by shipping. (Remmert 1963) T. j. is active throughout the year which increases the chances to establish contact with ships while they are passing or filling up ballast water. (Brodin & Anderson 2009)

Spread Rate:

[Europe] First record at Kiel, Germany in 1962, by mid 1990s has spread to Poland and Sweden. By 2008, it had invaded into Portugal, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Finland (Brodin and Andersson 2009; Leader 2010)

Date First Observed in Japan:

Collection at Wakayama, Seto, in June 1930 (Tokunaga 1935)

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

[US] Hawaii: Analyzed samples collected from 1945 (Wirth 1947)

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

Its dense tube may modify microhabitats but no serious impacts are known (NOBANIS 2016) Harmful effects could occur if it means substantially increased populations; could affect biodiversity and numbers of native species (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Harmful effects could occur if this means substantially increased populations of T. japonicus also in marine or brackish habitats which are of concern for protection of native species. (Brodin & Andersson 2009) Dense tubes may modify microhabitats, but no serious impacts are known. (Jensen 2010) [Positive effect] Observations in the Netherlands have shown that migrating wader birds (Charidriidae) use T. japonicus as an important source of food. (Boudewijn & Meijer 2007, cited in Brodin & Andersson 2009) RELATED: [Chironomid] Mass emergence have enormous nuisance potential; cleanliness of area (including persistent smell) from large numbers of death in high concentrations; health hazards including respiratory allergens and breeding or transport of pathogenic bacteria (Failla et al 2015)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[Japan] Water temperatures from 4-23°C; Air temperature from -5 to 25°C (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) [Japan] Asari, Otaru City, Hokkaido: Water temperature falls only to around 4ºC in winter. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982b) [Japan] Otaru Port, near Asari: max 23.1ºC in August and 3.1ºC in Feburary. (Higaki et al. 2009) Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Non-native Temperature Range:

[Sweden] At time of collection, water temperatures was about 11˚C while water temperature ranges from -0.3 to 21.2˚C in the area (Brodin and Andersson 2009) [United States] New York: max 20ºC in summer and min -1.0ºC in winter. (Clarke et al. 2003) [Sweden] Southern Kalmar Strait: max 21.2ºC in summer and min -0.3ºC in winter. (Brodin & Andersson 2009) Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Japan] 1-3.1 per cent salt (10-31 PSU) (Tokunaga 1935) [Pacific coast] 3.2 per cent salt (32 PSU) (Tokunaga 1935) 0-35PSU (Lee II and Reusser 2012) [Japan] Otaru Port, near Asari: max 32.44 psu in Feburary and min 28.69 psu during 1997 and 2008. (Higaki et al. 2009)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Oligohaline, Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

Below freezing point to about 35˚C (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Flying adults can be seen also under winter conditions with an air temperature below freezing point (Sunose and Fjisawa 1982; Brodin and Andersson 2009) Frost resistant; survives in tubes built in small crevices (Kronberg 1988) It can torelate below freezing point to about +35ºC. (Brodin & Andersson 2009) Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Emergence of the adults takes place even near the freezing point. In the field, the adults were at rest at -5°C but the activity was observed at 2°C in December 1979 (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) Adult can neither walk nor mate and spawn eggs at the water temperature of less than -5ºC. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982b) Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Freshwater, Oligohaline, Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

Slightly brackish (below 4%o) to fully marine (35%o) conditions (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Known to thrive in waters of high salinity but its tolerance to freshwater is unknown (Raunio et al 2009, cited in Failla et al 2015) Reared normal adults from second and third instar larvae in fresh water (Tokunaga 1935; Newman 1977) [Canada] Species from marine habitats although larvae found was bathed in fresh water flowing slowly down a cliff (Lichtwardt et al 2001) It can torelate slightly barackish (below 4 psu) to full marine (35 psu) condition. (Brodin & Andersson 2009)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Density of instars is significantly correlated with salinity, though this influence is intermixed with the initial outspread of the midge in the Baltic Sea (Kronberg 1988) Reared normal adults from second and third instar larvae in fresh water (Tokunaga 1935; Newman 1977) Oligohaline, Mesohaline, Polyhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Depth Regime:

Coastal fringe, Supralittoral, Upper intertidal, Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Hawaii, US] Collected subtidal at Kaho'olawe, Hawaii (Coles et al 1998) [US] High intertidal zone (Peterson 1979) [Sweden/Belgium] Collected from splash zone (water surface and 50cm upwards) and a few meters below the mean water surface (Brodin and Andersson 2009; De Mesel et al 2013; De Mesel et al 2015) [Denmark] Almost monoculture populations in splash zone in Horns Rev (Bouma and Lengkeek 2009) Rocky intertidal (Akioka et al 1999; Benbow et al 2003) Midlittoral zone (Neumann 1976) Only the larvae and pupae occur in the supratidal zone. The adults live for only a few days (Sunose an Fujisawa 1982, cited in NOBANIS 2016) [Japan] T. j. always colonizes on the hard substratum between the tide marks. (Tokunaga 1935) [Japan] Seto Inland Sea: Upper intertidal to lower intertidal. (Inaba 1988) [Sweden] T. j. is in the splash zone. (Brodin & Andersson 2009) [T. gedanensis (synonymized taxon)] T. g. lives above water level, on large, splash stones of filamentous green algae in the supralittoral zone. (Szadziewski 1977)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

Internal

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/dioecious

Spawning Type:

Not applicable

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Females produce 200-300 eggs, which are deposited individually. Larvae go through 4 instars before pupation (Kronberg 1988, cited in NOBANIS 2016) Mating takes place exclusively on wet rock surfaces (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a; Wirth 1947) Copulation takes place on the rocks, with males straddling the female (Wirth 1947) The imagines rarely take flight unless molested, mating and swarming taking place only on the rock surface, and when distributed by the on-coming waves, they adroitly fly up momentarily and resume active scampering and oviposition as soon as the waves recede. (Tokunaga 1935) The eggs are placed singly in small crevices or pits of rock surface and never laid in a mass or single layer on the smooth surface as in the fresh-water species. (Tokunaga 1935) RELATED: [Telmatogeton] The eggs of Telmatogetoninae, i.e. Telmatogeton, are always laid singly, without a gelatinous medium (Terry 1913, cited in Ashe et al 1987; Neumann 1976) [Chironomidae] Eggs usually laid in a sticky string or 'rope' with many eggs enclosed in a mucus or jelly; No egg diapause and hatching takes place rapidly. Larvulae (newly hatched from the egg) are short-leved, dispersive by drift (Cranston 2004) [Chironomids] Larval instar I: planktoninc. (Iwakuma & Kondo 2001)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

It builds tubes that protect the larvae against exposure, and it is not able to swim (Kronberg 1988, cited in NOBANIS 2016) Flying adults can be seen also under winter conditions (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Bound to hard marine substrates and reported also from ships' hulls; larval tubes and girdles firmly adhere to the substrate and offers protection against predation as well as strong waves and water currents (Kerckhof in CES 2005, cited in Brodin and Andersson 2009) Both sexes are nocturnal in habit, being most active in the evening about three hours after sunset (Tokunaga 1935) T. j. usually is found about their breeding place, but they can fly for some distance. One example shows that adult males and females were obtained at about 600 m from the habitat. (Tokunaga 1935) RELATED: [Telmatogeton] Adults can fly skillfully but are distinctly inclined to walking or running; while running the body is always held close to the ground or substrate (Hashimoto 1976)

Maturity Size:

Male imagos: 3.45–4.62 mm; Wing length 2.01-2.86 mm (Sæther 2009; Hashimoto 1976) Female imagos: 4.41-5.49mm; Wing length: 2.58-3.26mm (Sæther 2009) Average weight less than 2.05mg (dry weight) (Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) Size seems to vary in different localities; At Seto (June 1930), they are smaller, measuring 2.5-3mm in length in the imaginal stage and 5-6mm in the full-grown larval stage; At Karo Harbor (July 1931), they are larger being 4-4.5mm in the adult form, 5.9-6.8m mm in the pupal stage and 9-10mm in the full-grown larval condition. Likely due to availability of algal food at different localities (Tokunaga 1935) Seasonal variation in water temperature found to influence the characteristics of species; Summer forms are much smaller than spring forms from the same locality (Tokunaga 1935; Hashimoto 1976) Size of adult fly is different by locality. Seto, Wakayama Prefecture: 2.5 to 3mm in length. Kara Harbor, Tottori Prefecture: 4 to 4.5 mm in length. (Tokunaga 1935)

Maturity Age:

Short life duration, one half hour up to several hours; mating and egg deposition may immediately follow emergence (Neumann 1976) Pale imagines soon after emergences are also active in swarming, mating and scampering, but oviposition is not shown by these young females. The turning of the male hypopygium is already exhibited within the pupal skin before the emergence and occurs in the irregular movement at the shining stage of the pupal skin (Tokunaga 1935)

Reproduction Lifespan:

Short life duration, one half hour up to several hours; mating and egg deposition may immediately follow emergence (Neumann 1976) Adults are rare in midwinter but abundant in both early winter and spring (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Longevity:

Only have a 24-36hr adult existence, similar to the conspecific T. japonicus (Tokunaga 1935; Williams 1944, cited in Benbow et al 2003; Kronberg 1988; Wirth 1947) Short life duration, one half hour up to several hours; mating and egg deposition may immediately follow emergence (Neumann 1976) Adults live for a few days in winter; other seaons seems to be over within a day (Sunose an Fujisawa 1982; NOBANIS 2016) The adults live for only a few days in winter but live for only less than one day in other season. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982b) The duration of the imaginal life of imagines that were reared in the laboratory was about 20 hours in both sexes and the following data were obtained: 17, 22, and 22 hours in the female and 20 in the male. (Tokunaga 1935)

Broods per Year:

Two (spring and summer seasons); The marine intertidal Telmatogeton japonicus Tokunaga from Japan is only thought to have two generations per year (Tokunaga 1935; Benbow et al 2003; Wirth 1947)

Reproduction Cues:

Adults generally nocturnal, peak of emergence coming just after dusk and the young adults soon 'scamper', males actively seeking out the females for mating; Occasionally during the day (Tokunaga 1935; Wirth 1947) A daily programming of emergence during the season (without combination with a semilunar cycle) may be common among intertidal chironomids of the upper levels of the intertidal zone as well as of shallow inlets of the sea without high tidal range; it corresponds with the temporal programming in aquatic and terrestrial insects. The timing mechanisms may be associated with the circadian clock mechanism, controlled by the day-night cycle (Neumann 1976) Adults were abundant on the days when the waves were comparatively low and rare on the days when the waves ran high. It follows that high waves suppress the emergence of the adults; May be conceived that the emergence is affected by the air temperature rather than by the sea-water temperature, for it must take place when the puape are exposed to the air (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) Where range of tide is very great, Tokunaga (1935) observed emergence to commence immediately after the tide has receded and lasts to the next flood tide (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Reproduction Time:

Larvae, pupae and adults are active throughout the year (Kronberg 1988; Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a; Brodin and Andersson 2009) Adult emergence is more pronounced during autumn or winter, which may help to avoid predation (Brodin and Andersson 2008; Raunio et al 2009) [US] Observations in February, March, April, August and December all showed adults and immature stages present (Howard 1982) [Germany] Instars most abundant in July and August (Kronberg 1988) Throughout the year. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a, b)

Fecundity:

Females produce 200-300 eggs, which are deposited individually (NOBANIS 2016; Kronberg 1988) Females, soon after emergence, contains 150-190 mature eggs (Tokunaga 1935) Female contain 150 to 190 mature eggs (168 mean for 20 flies). (Tokunaga 1935) Female contain 200 to 400 eggs at Asari, Otaru City, Hokkaido. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982b)

Egg Size:

Tokunaga described eggs as similar to those of Paraclunio alaskensis; those eggs are 0.4x0.2mm in size (Wirth 1947) RELATED: [P. alaskensis] Egg size is 0.4 by 0.2 mm. (Wirth 1947) [Chironomid] Length of egg is 0.2 to 0.3 mm. (Iwakuma & Kondo 2001)

Egg Duration:

Duration of the egg stage in the laboratory was 40 days at 5°C ; In the field, duration of egg stage may extend over a month in spring (mean air and mean sea-water temperatures of 0°C and 5°C respectively) (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) The duration of the egg in the laboratory was 40 days at 5ºC. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a, b) RELATED: [Chironomidae]There is no egg diapause, and hatching takes place rapidly (Cranston 2004)

Early Life Growth Rate:

Larvae go through 4 instars before pupation (Kronberg 1988, cited in NOBANIS 2016; Cranston 2004) Pupal stage lasts for about 2.5 days (Tokunaga 1933, cited in Hashimoto 1976; Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) Duration of pupal period in laboratory in summer is about 2.5 days, varying much in different individuals from 47-72 hours (Tokunaga 1935) Emergence takes about 30 minutes (Tokunaga 1935; Wirth 1947)

Adult Growth Rate:

Emerging adults few from January to February in accord with low temperatures, so that the population stops to grow. In spring, many larvae that have slowly grown during the winter accumulate in the population. They grow to adults from March to May, following the rise of the temperature (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Population Growth Rate:

Rapid colonizer and within a few years become a dominant species on new artificial substrate (Brodin and Andersson 2009; Degraer et al 2013) Plays a role as pioneer, growing from zero and building up flourishing subsystem as dominant species (Kronberg 1988, cited in Katsanevakis et al 2014) [Denmark] At offshore wind farm, the abundance in 2003 was estimated at 1000-2800 ind/m2 in the splash zone (initial colonizer). In 2005, the number has grown to 4400 ind/m2 (Leonhard and Pedersen 2006)

Population Variablity:

The larvae increased in number from late autumn to winter, and the first peak of the number was found in winter. They decreased in spring, though increased again in late spring, attaining the second peak. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a,b)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Macroalgal beds, Fouling

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epiphytic, Epizoic, Other

Substrate:

Cobble, Rock, Hardpan, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

Expansion

Habitat Details:

[Habitat expansion] Expansion in its distribution into almost freshwater conditions (Raunio et al 2009) [Habitat expansion] Observed in an offshore environment but is typically found in the rocky shore intertidal (Howard 1982) It seems to prefer concrete as a substrate even in its native area (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a, Kronberg 1988, cited in NOBANIS 2016; Brodin and Andersson 2009) Rocky intertidal; Midlittoral area; Hard substrates; boulders (Akioka et al 1999; Benbow et al 2003; Brodin and Andersson 2009; Neumann 1976) Artificial substrates like offshore windmills and offshore buoys (Elsam Engineering A/S 2005 and others,Brodin and Andersson 2009; De Mesel et al 2013; De Mesel et al 2015; Kerckhof et al 2007) Species with a complete offshore life cycle (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Collected from rock outcrop on a beach (Colbo 1996) Found attached to steel structures of platforms, larvae also found attached to barnacles and algae (Howard 1982) Larvae live in tubes attached to natural or artificial hard surfaces in the intertidal splash zone; Common on offshore and coastal man-made constructions and artificial substrata; Can withstand harsh and highly variable conditions (Katsanevakis et al 2014; Leader 2010) Seaward faces of algal-covered rocks between tide marks, so that sand and debris can be swept away by heavy surf (Wirth 1947) Ulva pertusa: Calculated abundance of T. japonicus associated with Ulva pertusa (green algae) and found 1470 to 1660 ind. per metre of rock surface (Tokunaga 1935; Garbary et al 2009; Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) A prerequisite of larval development seems to be the presence of green algae (Chlorophyta) or blue-green bacteria (Cyanophyta) (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Associated with dominant algal species: Enteromorpha, Ulva and Monostroma (Tokunaga 1935; Wirth 1947; Hashimoto 1976; Howard 1982) [Denmark] Very numerous on boulders at breakwaters and coast defense structures (Leonhard and Pedersen 2006) [Hokkaido, Japan] Coast consisting of rocky, stony and artificial concrete shores (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) [Japan] T. j. colonizes on only three species of littoral green algae as the host plants at the rocky intertidal. These algae are Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva pertusa, and Monostoroma sp. (Tokunaga 1935) [Japan] Larvae of T. j. were collected at the coasts where consist of rocky, stoney and artificial concrete shores. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) [Hawaii] The Hilo material was collected from boulders on the bay-front in a limited area near the outlet of a large storm-sewer, with a heavy growth of the algae Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp. (Wirth 1947) RELATED: [Telmatogetoninae] Expected on marine shores, where the larvae live amongst algae, especially on rocky shores where there is freshwater seepage, but also in rock pools and algal mats on sandy shores (Cranston 2004) [Telmatogetoninae] All stages of the life cycle of species of the genus Telmatogeton are found in areas of rapidly moving water; the marine forms occupy wave-splashed algae-covered rocks in the upper intertidal zone. Larvae burrow into algae and construct tubes from silklike substance secreted from their salivary glands (Newman 1977)

Trophic Level:

Herbivore

Trophic Details:

Larvae feed on bluegreen bacteria while others have noted feeding on green algae and diatoms (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Larvae feeds on seaweeds, mostly green algae, but also cyanobacteria (NOBANIS 2016) Stomach contents of larval found to consist of fragments of living as well as dead algae, sand particles and diatoms (Tokunaga 1935; Wirth 1947, cited in Hashimoto 1976; Kronberg 1988) Main food item for larvae seems to be the living algae used for their shelter (Tokunaga 1935) Herbivore (Lee II and Reusser 2012) It was observed in the laboratory that the larvae feed on the green algae Ulva pertusa and Enteromorpha spp. and the red alga Bangia fuscopurpurea. Sedentary diatomes were also found in the gut contents. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

Larvae feed on bluegreen bacteria while others have noted feeding on green algae and diatoms (Brodin and Andersson 2009) Larvae feeds on seaweeds, mostly green algae, but also cyanobacteria (NOBANIS 2016) Stomach contents of larval found to consist of fragments of living as well as dead algae, sand particles and diatoms (Tokunaga 1935; Wirth 1947, cited in Hashimoto 1976; Kronberg 1988) Main food item for larvae seems to be the living algae used for their shelter (Tokunaga 1935) It was observed in the laboratory that the larvae feed on the green algae Ulva pertusa and Enteromorpha spp. and the red alga Bangia fuscopurpurea. Sedentary diatomes were also found in the gut contents. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Natural Control:

DISTURBANCE [Disturbance] Desiccation of the substrata, decrease of sedentary algae and increase of the activities of marine shore animals are possible mortality factor of the larvae (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) PREDATION [Predation] Food for birds, particularly in autumn and winter when other insects are uncommon (Brodin and Andersson 2009; Howard 1982; Katsanevakis et al 2014) [Predation] Adults are eaten by some flies (Chopodidae, Anthomyiidae) (Wirth 1947, cited in Kronberg 1988) [Predation] [Asari, Otaru City, Japan] Confirmed predators are the marine shore dolichopoid Conchopus borealis, marine mite Neomolgus sp., some fishes of Hexagrammos and Mycoxocepahlus and the bird Monticola solitarius. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a). Among these predators, the predation by the adult C. borealis may be one of the main causes of the decrease in the number of the T. j. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) [Predation] The predation by fish seems to have little influence upon the seasonal population fluctuations of the midge, because the larvae are rare in the infralittoral zone. Also birds do not seem to influence the number of T. j., because the number of birds foraging is few at Asari coast. (Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a) [Predation] Observations in the Netherlands have shown that migrating wader birds (Charidriidae) use T. japonicus as an important source of food (Boudewijn and Meijer 2007, cited in Brodin & Andersson 2009). COMPETITION [Competition] Both herbivorous and detritus-eating animals may be the competitors of T. j. in regard to the food niche. Such animals are Littorinacea, Cocculinacea, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Ligia exotica, Sphaeromatidae, Gammaridae and so on. (Nishimura 1970, cited in Sunose & Fujisawa 1982a)

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

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Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA