Invasion
Invasion Description
1st record: Pedro Miquel Locks/Panama/Panama Canal (Pacific) (Abele 1969, cited by Carlton 1979)
Geographic Extent
Pedro Miquel Locks/Panama/Panama Canal (Pacific) (Abele 1969, cited by Carlton 1979; reported as not established by Cohen 2006); Panama/Miraflores Third Lock Lagoons, Panama Canal (Roche and Torchin 2007; Roche et al. 2009); Miraflores Third Lock Lagoons/Panama/Panama Canal (2007-2009, Kam et al. 2011); Miraflores Lake/Panama/Panama Canal (2007-2009, Kam et al. 2011)
Vectors
Level | Vector |
---|---|
Alternate | Ballast Water |
Alternate | Hull Fouling |