Invasion History
First Non-native Panama (Caribbean) Tidal Record: 2015Panama Invasion History:
Invasion history elsewhere in the world:
Description
Rock Oysters of the genus Saccostrea are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacific region. Their taxonomy is difficult- at times they have been considered forms of S. cucullata (Hooded Oyster, Natal Rock Oyster).. Individuals vary greatly in size and shape, according to substrate and other environmental factors (Poutiers 1998; Lam and Morton 2006). Genetic studies indicate that there multiple species and species complexes of Saccostrea, some of which are widespread, and some geographically confined. Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate that there are at least 5 species (A-E) within S. cuccullata (Lam and Morton 2006. Populations of Saccostrea belonging to the S. cucullata complex have been found in the Caribbean. They are clearly introduced but cannot be assigned to a species until the systematics of the genus are better resolved (Lohan et al. 2016).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Mollusca | |
| Class: | Bivalvia | |
| Subclass: | Pteriomorphia | |
| Order: | Ostreoida | |
| Family: | Ostreidae | |
| Genus: | Saccostrea | |
| Species: | cucullata complex |
Synonyms
Ostrea cucullata (Born, 1776)
Ostrea cornucopiae (Chemnitz, 1785)
Ostrea cornucopiaeformis (Saville-Kent, 1893)
Ostrea echinata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835)
Ostrea forskaelii (Chemnitz, 1785)
Osteea forskalli (Gmelin, 1791)
Ostrea spinosa (Deshayes, 1836)
Crassostrea cucullata ((Born), 1776)
Ostrea cornucopiae (Chemnitz, 1785)
Ostrea cornucopiaeformis (Saville-Kent, 1893)
Ostrea echinata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835)
Ostrea forskaelii (Chemnitz, 1785)
Osteea forskalli (Gmelin, 1791)
Ostrea spinosa (Deshayes, 1836)
Crassostrea cucullata ((Born), 1776)
Potentially Misidentified Species
Saccostrea glomerata
Saccostrea glomerata =Saccostrea commercialis (Sydney Rock Oyster) has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be genetically and geographically distinct, limited to southern Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea kegaki
Saccostrea kegaki has been synonymized with S. cuccullata, but is genetically and geographically distinct, and limited to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax A
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata.Australia. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax B
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea palmula
Saccostrea palmula is native to the tropical West Pacific (Lohan et al. 2016)
Saccostrea glomerata =Saccostrea commercialis (Sydney Rock Oyster) has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be genetically and geographically distinct, limited to southern Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea kegaki
Saccostrea kegaki has been synonymized with S. cuccullata, but is genetically and geographically distinct, and limited to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax A
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata.Australia. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax B
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea palmula
Saccostrea palmula is native to the tropical West Pacific (Lohan et al. 2016)
Ecology
General:
Food:
Phytoplankton, detritus
Competitors:
other oysters
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Oyster Reef | None |
| General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
| General Habitat | Rocky | None |
| General Habitat | Mangroves | None |
| General Habitat | Coral reef | None |
| Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
| Tidal Range | Mid Intertidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Life History
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 4.8 | Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992) |
| Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 40 | Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992) |
| Minimum Reproductive Temperature | 25 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Reproductive Temperature | 35 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Minimum Reproductive Salinity | 20 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Reproductive Salinity | 35 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Length (mm) | 200 | More usually to 100 mm (Poutiers et al. 1998) |
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Warm temperate-Tropical |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAN_CAR | Panama Caribbean Coast | 2015 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|
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