Anguinella palmata

Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Pacific) Tidal Record: 1933

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Panama Invasion History:

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Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

Anguinella palmata has been collected further south in the East Pacific, from Mexico to northern Peru. It was collected in Zorritos, Peru, in the Gulf of Santa Clara in 1933 (Osburn 1947), on Isla Isabela in Panama City, also in 1933 (Osburn 1947), off the coast of Nayarit, Mexico in 1942 (Osburn 1947), and in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (Alvarez and Banta 1984). This bryozoan is assumed to be introduced in these East Pacific sites. Anguinella palmata has also been introduced to New South Wales, Australia (Allen 1953) and Auckland, New Zealand (Gordon and Mawatari 1992).

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Description

Anguinella palmata is an erect, uncalcified bryozoan, growing in branched, tapering, mud-coated tuft-like brown colonies, up to 200 mm in length. The zooids are erect and tubular, 0.75-2.5 mm long, and 0.12-0.29; Veira et al. 2020 mm in diameter, with a terminal aperture and ten tentacles. The basal zooids and the axial zooids of the branches are modified to serve as a stalk for the colony, and are elongated, thickened, and lack feeding structures. Colonies are about 6 mm high (description from Osburn 1944; Maturo 1957; Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Winston and Hayward 2012; Vieira et al. 2014).

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Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Life History- Anguinella palmata is a bush-like, soft-bodied bryozoan, composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current, and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles. The zooids are hermaphroditic, and produce large yolky eggs, which hatch into lecithotrophic larvae, which are planktonic for short periods (less than 1-2 days). Larvae settle on a substrate and metamorphose into the first zooid of a colony, an ancestrula (Barnes 1983).

Ecology- Anguinella palmata has been found attached to jetties, shells, and pilings (Osburn 1944; Maturo 1958). It is primarily found in marine environments, but has been collected at salinities as low as 13 PSU (Osburn 1944).

Food:

Phytoplankton; Detritus

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

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Habitats

General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
General Habitat	Oyster Reef	None
General Habitat	Coarse Woody Debris	None
General Habitat	Rocky	None
General Habitat	Vessel Hull	None
Salinity Range	Mesohaline	5-18 PSU
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None

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Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)	13	Field data, Gosner 1978
Maximum Height (mm)	200	Winston and Hayward 2012
Broad Temperature Range	None	Cold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity Range	None	Mesohaline-Euhaline (Osburn 1944; Maturo 1958)

General Impacts

Impacts of Anguinella palmata have not been reported from its native or introduced range.

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References

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Winston, Judith E. (1977) Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: a critical review., Chesapeake Science 18(1): 34-57

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