Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: Avery Point (Groton)/CT/Long Island Sound (1980, Whitlach and Osman 1995) Earlier accounts of this invasion attributed it to a biologist's planting of B. diegensis from the Pacific Coast in Eel Pond, adjacent to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole MA, in 1972. However,all of the preserved specimens, collected later, and examined by the Lamberts were B. violaceus (Lambert and Lambert, pers. comm.)
Geographic Extent
Norfolk/VA/Little Creek (2000, Hampton Roads, Ruiz et al., unpublished data); Poquoson/VA/Hampton Roads (2000, Ruiz et al., unpublished data); Belle Isle Marina/VA/Rapphannock River? (2000, Ruiz et al., unpublished data); Kiptopeke/VA/Chesapeake Bay (2000, Ruiz et al., unpublished data); Amoco Refinery, Yorktown/VA/York River (2000, Ruiz et al., unpublished data); Chincoteague/VA/Merritt Harbor, Chincoteague Inlet (7/29/2013, Paul Fofonoff, personal observation, established population); Indian River Marina/NJ/Indian River Marina/ (7/11/2013, Paul Fofonoff, Kristen Larson, personal observations); Cape May/NJ/Cape May Harbor (7/11/2013, Paul Fofonoff, Kristen Larson, personal observations); South Street Seaport,South Street Seaport/New York City/East River (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Point Lookout/NY/Reynolds Channel, South Oyster Bay (Freeman et al. 2016, 2012-213, 4035037.9700N, 73350, 26.7900W); Stirling Yacht Harbor, Greenport, Long Island/NY/Long Island Sound (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003; Pederson et al. 2021; ); Brewer Yacht Haven Marine Center, Stamford/CT/Long Island Sound (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Milford Yacht Club/CT/Long Island Sound (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Bridgeport/CT/Long Island Sound (1997, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Niantic/CT/Long Island Sound (1997, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Brewer Yacht Yard, Mystic/CT/Mystic River (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Avery Point (Groton)/CT/Long Island Sound (1980, Whitlatch et al.1995; 1997, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Block Island/RI/Great Salt Pond (2007, 41o10'62" 71o34'58", Carman et al. 2009); Point Judith Marina, Matunuck/RI/Point Judith Pond (7/16/2009, MIT Sea Grant 2011; 2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Beavertail State Park, Jamestown/RI/Rhode Island Sound (2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Coasters Harbor Island, Newport/RI/East Passage, Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Fort Adams State Park/Newport/RI/Narragansett Bay (2010, MacIntyre et al. 2010; Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Newport Shipyard/RI/East Passage, Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Jamestown/RI/East Passage, Narragansett Bay (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Fort Getty Pier, Jamestown/RI/WestPassage, Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Wickford Marina, Wickford/RI/WestPassage, Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Narragansett Bay T-wharf, Prudence Island/RI/Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); North Kingston/RI/Allens Harbor, West Passage, Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003; 2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Roger Williams University Dock, Bristol/RI/Narragansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Warwick Cove Marina/RI/Warwick Cove, Narrapansett Bay (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Cove Haven Marina, Bristol/RI/Providence River (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Edgewood Marina, Cranston/RI/Rovidence River (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003; 2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Save the Bay Marina, Providence/RI/Providence River (2019, Pederson et al. 2021);;; Fall River/MA/Battleship Cove, Taunton River (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Tiverton/RI/Sakonnet River (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Sakonnet Point/RI/Buzzards Bay (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Westport/MA/Westport River (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Tripps Marina, Westport/MA/Westport River (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003; 2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); New Bedford State Pier/MA/Acushnet River (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Popes Island Marina, New Bedford (2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Bourne/MA/Buzzards Bay (2000, 2003, MIT Sea Grant 2003; 2010, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management 2013); Bourne Marina/MA/ (2000, 2003, MIT Sea Grant 2000, 2003); West Falmouth/MA/Buzzards Bay (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000); Woods Hole/MA/Eel Pond (Vineyard Sound) (2000, MIT Sea Grant 2003); Vineyard Haven/MA/Vineyard Haven (2003, Carman et al. 2007); Martha's Vineyard/MA/Lagoon Pond (6/2007, 41o27'28.4" 70o35'11.8", Carman et al. 2009); Marthas Vineyard/MA/Stonewall Pond (2012-2013, Colarusso et al. 2016); Hyannis/MA/Nantucket Sound (1998, Whitlach and Osman 2000); Chatham/MA/Pleasant Bay (1998, Whitlatch and Osman 2000)
Vectors
Level | Vector |
---|---|
Probable | Hull Fouling |
Regional Impacts
Ecological Impact | Competition | |
Botrylloides violaceus is a strong competitor for space with other fouling organisms (Myers 1990; Osman and Whitlatch 1995; Stachowicz et al. 1999; Stachowicz et al. 2002a; Stachowicz et al. 2002b; Bullard et al. 2004; Agius 2007; Altman and Whitlach 2007). | ||
Ecological Impact | Food/Prey | |
Botrylloides violaceus is preyed on by gastropods (Costanachis avara, C. translirata), by crabs, starfish, and by fishes (Tautogolabrus adspersa, Tautoga onitis), which resitrict the tunicate's distribution, especially in open coast areas (Osman and Whitlatch 2004). | ||
Economic Impact | Fisheries | |
Botrylloides violaceus was found fouling aquaculture gear at 18 sites, and cultured Bay Scallops (Argopecten irradians) at two sites, of 26 aquaculture sites surveyed on Marthas Vineyard (Carman et al. 2010). This tunicate was also reported at aquaculture sites in New York State and Rhode Island (Carman et al. 2010). | ||