Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Established Record?: Bastimento, Popo, Cristobal, and Almirante/Panama, Bocas del Toro/Caribbean Sea (2013, Sellers et al. 2015, established and spreading)
1st Record: Margarita, Cubeca and Coche Islands/Venezuela/Caribbean Sea (1996, Lemus Castro 1999, farmed)
Geographic Extent
Margarita, Cubeca and Coche Islands/Venezuela/Caribbean Sea (1996, Lemus Castro 1999, farmed); Colon Province/Panama/Caribbean Sea (2000, Sellers et al. 2015, farmed); (Bastimento, Popo, Cristobal, and Almirante/Panama, Bocas del Toro/Caribbean Sea (Sellers et al. 2015, established and spreading); Cabo de La Vela - La Guajira/Colombia/Caribbean Sea (Diaz and Diaz 2004, cited by Gracia et al. 2011, cultivated?)
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Probable | Fisheries Intentional |
Regional Impacts
| Ecological Impact | Habitat Change | |
| Smothering seagrasses, corals, and mangroves in Bocas del Toro, Panama (Sellers et al. 2015) | ||