Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record? Willemstad/Curacao/Caribbean Sea (1957, Henry and McLaughlin 1975, earliest specimen with known date, introduction was probably much earlier)
Geographic Extent
Isla Margarita/Venezuela/Caribbean Sea (Southward 1975; del Monaco and Capelo 2000); Krajlendijk/Bonaire/Caribbean Sea (Southward 1975); Willemstad/Curacao/Caribbean Sea (1957, Henry and McLaughlin 1975); Curacao/Piscadera Inlet, Caribbean Sea (Southward 1975); Intake to power station, Port of Spain/Trinidad/Caribbean Sea (Southward 1975); On Rhizophora mangle, Oropuche Swamp/Trinidad/Godineau River (Bacon 1976); On rocks, near Vessigny, La Brea/Trinidad/Caribbean Sea; Panama/Caribbean Coast (Bacon 1976, "On both coasts of Panama" Laguna 1985); East Breakwater at Fort Randolph/Panama/Manzanillo Bay, Caribbean Sea (1974, Spivey 1976); Christobal/Panama/Limon Bay, Caribbean Sea (1974, Spivey 1976); Costa Rica/Caribbean Sea (Van Syoc 2009); Cartagena/Colombia/Caribbean Sea ((Becerra and Jiménez 1989, cited by Gracia et al. 2011); Colombia/Ciénaga de La Boquilla (Golfo de Morrosquillo) (Prüsmann and Palacio 2008, Gracia et al. 2011).
Vectors
Level | Vector |
---|---|
Probable | Hull Fouling |
Alternate | Ballast Water |