Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record? Fort Amador, Balboa/Panama Bay (1974, Spivey 1976)
Geographic Extent
Costa Rica/Pacific Ocean (Van Syoc 2009); Boca Chica/Panama/Gulf of Chiriqui (Laguna 1985; lower shore); Canas/Panama/Gulf of Chiriqui (Laguna 1985; upper shore, mid-shore); Playa Venao/Panama/Pacific Ocean (mid-to lower intertidal; Laguna 1985); Veracruz/Panama/Gulf of Panama (Laguna 1985); Playa el Palmar/Panama/Gulf of Panama (Laguna 1985; mid intertidal); Isla Taboga/Panama/Bay of Panama (Laguna 1985); Fort Amador, Balboa/Panama Bay (Spivey 1976);
Vectors
Level | Vector |
---|---|
Alternate | Hull Fouling |
Alternate | Ballast Water |