Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record:First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Bugula flabellata is native to the Northeast Atlantic, from southern Norway to Morocco, and the Mediterranean (Ryland 1960). It has been introduced to many parts of the world, including California (in 2000), Australia (first recorded in Port Phillip Bay 1899, Keough and Ross 1999), New Zealand (in 1958, Cranfield et al. 1998), India (in 1967, Menon and Nair 1972), Brazil to Argentina (Marcus 1937, Gappa 2000), and Chile (Castilla et al. 2005). This bryozoan has probably been transported around the world in ship hull fouling.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
In 2000, bryozoans identified as Bugula flabellata were found at Long Beach Marina, Alamitos Bay, California, and at two locations in San Diego Bay, Coronado Cays Marina and Crosby St. Pier (Cohen et al. 2002). However, the SERC Marine Invasions laboratory collected similar bryozoans, and after a careful examination, Linda McCann concluded that they were B. fulva.
Description
Colonies of Bugulina flabellata form dense tufts, 2-3 cm high, which are buff in color when living, but grayish when dried or preserved. Its branches are broad, flat and wedge-shaped, with branches arranged in a somewhat circular pattern. Its zooecia (zooids) are oblong and about equally wide throughout their length, with frontal openings (opesia) which cover nearly all the frontal surface. The outer distal angles of the zooecia at the colony’s margins bear three spines on the outer distal corners, and two on the inner distal corners. The spines vary considerably in size, and those on the outer zooecia may be very large. The inner and marginal colonies bear avicularia, and the marginal avicularia have large hooked beaks. The brood-chambers (ovicells) are sub-globular, with a moderately wide aperture. The polyps have 14 tentacles (Description from: Ryland 1960; NIMPIS 2002; MarLin 2004). The taxonomy of the Bugulidae has recently been revised. Twent-four species, including B. flabellata, B. fulva, and B. simplex are now in the new genus Bugulina (Fehlauer-Ales et al. 2015).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa | |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata | |
| Order: | Cheilostomata | |
| Suborder: | Anasca | |
| Family: | Bugulidae | |
| Genus: | Bugulina | |
| Species: | flabellata |
Synonyms
Bugula flabellata (Busk, 1852)
Potentially Misidentified Species
An unidentified bryozoan found on SERC fouling plates in San Diego Bay and Monterey Bay resembled both of these species (deRivera et al. 2005, McCann, personal communication).
Bugula simplex
In early (pre-1960s) literature dealing with the Woods Hole area, Bugula simplex was identified as "B. flabellata" (Ryland and Hayward 1991).
Ecology
Food:
Phytoplankton
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
| General Habitat | Rocky | None |
| General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
| General Habitat | Vessel Hull | None |
| Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Tropical |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Bugula flabellata is a common fouling organism in many parts of the world, but specific impacts have not been reported.Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEA-II | None | 1847 | Native | Estab |
| NEA-III | None | 1847 | Native | Estab |
| B-I | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NEA-IV | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NEA-V | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| WA-I | None | 1960 | Native | Estab |
| MED-III | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| MED-IV | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| MED-VII | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| SA-I | None | 1980 | Def | Estab |
| NZ-IV | None | 1958 | Def | Estab |
| NZ-VI | None | 0 | Def | Estab |
| MED-II | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| SEP-C | None | 1950 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-VIII | None | 1899 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-X | None | 1946 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-VII | None | 1977 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-V | None | 0 | Def | Estab |
| SA-II | None | 1937 | Def | Estab |
| CIO-I | None | 1967 | Def | Estab |
| CIO-II | None | 1972 | Def | Estab |
| SEP-B | None | 1982 | Def | Estab |
| WA-IV | None | 2001 | Def | Estab |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|
References
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