Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record:First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
None
North American Invasion History:
Description
Manayunkia speciosa is a small freshwater polychaete, which inhabits tubes formed of mucus and sediment particles, often attached to submerged objects. The body of the worm is cylindrical, consisting of 12 segments. The first (cephalic) segment lacks chaetae, while the 8 thoracic and the 3 bluntly tapering abdominal segments bear chaetae. The head of the worm consists of the cephalic segment and the prostomial region, consisting of a crown of tentacles, whose base is surrounded by a collar. At the base of the tentacular crown is a pair of semicircular lobes, each of which branches into two lobes, a ventrolateral branch, with 4 pairs of ciliated radioles and a dorsolateral branch, with 5 pairs of ciliated radioles. The distal radioles on each lobe are shorter than the proximal ones, so the tips of barbules form a semicircular profile. There is a pair of mediodorsal and a pair of medioventral tentacles, giving a total of 22 ciliated tentacles on each side. The medioventral tentacles are somewhat longer than the others, and are the only tentacles with blood vessels. In living animals, they pulse with green blood. The collar is separated mid-dorsally, with an eyespot on each side of the gap. There is a also a pair of eyespots on the collar at the base of the medioventral tentacles (Pettibone 1953; Paolo et al. 2013). The thoracic region consists of 8 chaetigers, lacking distinct parapodia, but each having clusters of 5-8 notochaetae on each side. Chaetigers 2-8 bear clusters of 3-5 neuropodial uncini (stout beak-like chaetae). The abdominal region consists of 3 chaetigers and the pygidium. The abdominal chaetigers have dorsal (notopodial) hooks and short, beak-like chaetae, and longer, ventral, neuropodal chaetae, again in clusters of 3-5. The pygidium (anal segment) is short and rounded. The total length of adult worms ranges from 2.5 to 4.9 mm (Pettibone 1953).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Annelida | |
| Class: | Polychaeta | |
| Subclass: | Palpata | |
| Order: | Canalipalpata | |
| Suborder: | Sabellida | |
| Family: | Sabellidae | |
| Genus: | Manayunkia | |
| Species: | speciosa |
Synonyms
Potentially Misidentified Species
Manayunkia aestuarina is considered native to both sides of the North Atlantic, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Baltic to Spain (Appeltans et al. 2014).
Ecology
General:
Manayunkia speciosa is a small freshwater polychaete, which inhabits tubes formed of mucus and sediment particles, often attached to submerged objects. Sexes are separate. In the female, ova are released from the ovary in the 4th chaetiger into the body cavity, and are then expelled into the worm's tube . Males release sperm into the water, and fertilization apparently takes place without contact. Fertilized eggs develop in the female's tube, and are released as miniature worms, 1 mm. long, with eyespots and a crown of tentacles. Larvae take about 6-8 weeks before they leave the females' tube (Pettibone 1953; Willson et al. 2005). Manayunkia speciosa is a freshwater polychaete, though it has been collected in a Mississippi bayou, where salinity ranged from 0 to 11 PSU (Brehm 1978). It is known from Mississippi and Georgia to Lake Superior, and possibly Alaska, and is now established in Uruguay, tolerating temperatures from near near 0 to 31 C (Holmquist, 1966; Brehm 1978; Armendariz et al. 2012). Typical habitats include freshwater rivers and lakes, where the worms live in tubes of mud and mucus, attached to stones, wood, shells, or other solid objects, on bottoms of mud or silt-clay (Pettibone 1953; Brehm 1978; Armendariz et al. 2010; Hazel 1966). In the Klamath River (CA), they were found in beds of water plants, cobbles, and boulders, and were most abundant in regions of low turbidity and stable substrates (Malakauskas and Wilzbach 2012). This polychaete is often relatively rare, but can occur in high densities (1,000 to 50,000 worms . m-3, Cohen and Carlton 1995; Peterson and Vayssières 2010) under favorable conditions. Manayunkia speciosa is a supension and deposit feeder, using its ciliated tentacles to capture particles of detritus and phytoplankton from the water column, and probably from the sediment surface as well (Pettibone 1953; Malakauskas and Wilzbach 2012). When abundant, this worm is probably an important food for predatory benthic invertebrates and small fishes. It is is important as an intermediate host for two myxozoan parasites of salmonid fishes, Ceratomyxa shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis. The fish become infected through spores released into the water- ingestion of the worms is not necessary for transmission (Batholomew et al. 1997; Bartholomew et al. 2006).
Food:
Phytoplankton, detritus
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Fresh (nontidal) Marsh | None |
| General Habitat | Nontidal Freshwater | None |
| General Habitat | Tidal Fresh Marsh | None |
| General Habitat | Unstructured Bottom | None |
| Salinity Range | Limnetic | 0-0.5 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Oligohaline | 0.5-5 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Mesohaline | 5-18 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Endobenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 0 | Based on geographical reange |
| Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 31 | Field (Brehm 1978) |
| Minimum Salinity (‰) | 0 | A freshwater species (Brehm 1978) |
| Maximum Salinity (‰) | 11 | Maximum salinity, Simmons Bayou MS (Brehm 1978) |
| Minimum Length (mm) | 2.5 | Pettibone 1953 |
| Maximum Length (mm) | 4.9 | Pettibone 1953 |
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Warm temperate |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Nontidal Limnetic-Mesohaline |
General Impacts
Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GL-II | Lake Erie | 1939 | Crypogenic | Established |
| GL-I | Lakes Huron, Superior and Michigan | 1929 | Crypogenic | Established |
| GL-III | Lake Ontario | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| M090 | Delaware Bay | 0 | Native | Established |
| M080 | New Jersey Inland Bays | 0 | Native | Established |
| P260 | Columbia River | 1979 | Crypogenic | Established |
| S130 | Ossabaw Sound | 0 | Native | Established |
| M060 | Hudson River/Raritan Bay | 1973 | Native | Established |
| S060 | Winyah Bay | 0 | Native | Established |
| G170 | West Mississippi Sound | 1977 | Crypogenic | Established |
| P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1963 | Crypogenic | Established |
| NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | 1973 | Native | Established |
| NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 1979 | Crypogenic | Established |
| CAR-VII | Cape Hatteras to Mid-East Florida | 0 | Native | Established |
| CAR-I | Northern Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico, Florida Straits, to Middle Eastern Florida | 1977 | Crypogenic | Established |
| NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1963 | Crypogenic | Established |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|
References
Armendariz, Laura C.; Paola, Analia; Rodrigues Capitulo, Alberto (2010) Manayunkia speciosa Leidy (Polychaeta: Sabellidae): introduction of this nonindigenous species in the Neotropical Region (Uruguay river, South America), Biological Invasions 12: published onlineArmendáriz, Laura; Spaccesi, Fernando; Capítulo, Alberto Rodrigues (2012) Diversity of Ecosystems, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. Pp. <missing location>
Bartholomew, J. L.; Whipple, M. J.; Stevens, D. G.; Fryer, J. L. (1997) The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate hostauthor, Journal of Parasitology 83(5): 859-868
Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Hallett, Sascha L. (2006) Involvement of Manayunkia speciosa (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in the life cycle of Parvicapsula minibicornis, a myxozoan parasite of Pacific salmon, Journal of Parasitology 92(4): 742-748
Brehm, Walter T. (1978) First Gulf of Mexico coast record of Manayunkia speciosa (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)., Northeast Gulf Science 2(1): 73-75
Cohen, Andrew N.; Carlton, James T. (1995) Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Sea Grant College Program (Connecticut Sea Grant), Washington DC, Silver Spring MD.. Pp. <missing location>
Croskery, Peter (1978) The freshwater co-occurrence of Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda: Calanoida) and Manayunkia speciosa (Annelida: polychaeta): possible reficts of a marine incursion., Hydrobiologia 59(3): 237-241
Environment Canada (1994) Fraser River Benthic Invertebrate Catalogue, In: None(Eds.) None. , <missing place>. Pp. <missing location>
Hazel, Charles R. (1966) A note on the freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa Leidy, from California and Oregon., Ohio Journal of Science 65(5): 533-536
Holmquist, Charlotte (1966) Manayunkia speciosa Leidy - a fresh-water polychaete found in northern Alaska., Hydrobiologia 29(3-4): 297-304
Malakauskas, David M.; Wilzbach, Margaret A. (2012) Invertebrate assemblages in the lower Klamath River, with reference to Manayunkia speciosa, California Fish and Game 98(4): 214-235
Paola, Analía; Armendáriz, Laura; Rodrigues-Capítulo, Alberto (2013) External ultrastructure of Manayunkia speciosa (Fabriciidae) from Uruguay River, Argentina, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 521-529
Peterson, Heather A.; Vayssieres, Marc (2010) Benthic assemblage variability in the upper San Francisco estuary: A 27-year retrospective, San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science <missing volume>: published online
Pettibone, Marian H. (1953) Fresh-water polychaetous annelid, Manayunkia speciosa Leidy, from Lake Erie, Biological Bulletin 105(1): 149-153
Schloesser, Don W. (2012) Distribution and abundance of freshwater polychaetes, Manayunkia speciosa (Polychaeta), in the Great Lakes with a 70-year case history for western Lake Erie, Journal of Great Lakes Research 13: 308-316
Sytsma, Mark D.; Cordell, Jeffrey R.; Chapman, John W.; Draheim, Robyn, C. (2004) <missing title>, Center for Lakes and Reservoirs, Portland State University, Portland OR. Pp. <missing location>
Verner, Keith (1981) Two sabellid polychaetes of the Columbia River estuary., Ohio Journal of Science 81(4): 182
Willson. Sarah J.; Wilzbach, Margaret A.;Malakauskas, David M.; Cummins, Kenneth W. (2010) Lab rearing of a freshwater polychaete (Manayunkia speciosa, Sabellidae) host for salmon pathogens, Northwest Science 84(1): 183-191