Invasion

Invasion Description

Genetic analysis suggests that introgression between C. robusta and C. intestinalis has been occurring since ~15,500 years (95%CI 4,300-56,800 y), before human transport.

Geographic Extent

Brest, Brittany/France/Atlantic Ocean (Caputti et al. 2007, molecular ID, coexisting with C. intestinalis); Concarneau/France/Bay of Biscay (Zhan et al. 2010); St. Quay to Quberon, Brittany/France/English Channel-Atlantic Ocean (2012, Bouchemousse et al. 2016, ~4% of Ciona were hybrids with C. intestinalis); Roscoff, Britanny/France/Atlantic Ocean (Malfant et al/ 2017)