Bonnemaisonia hamifera

Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1927
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1927

---

General Invasion History:

The red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera is believed to be native to Japan (Dixon and Irvine 1977; Farnham 1980; Holmes 1897), although 'there is no direct evidence to support the assumption that Bonnemaisonia hamifera is in fact native to Japan' (McLachlan et al. 1969). However, all of the stages of the life cycle have only been found together in Japan. Elsewhere the gametophytes are less widely distributed than the tetrosporophytes (and males much rarer than females), and fertile gametophytes have not been found. The different life cycle phases appear to have propagated vegetatively in Europe and North America (Dixon and Irvine 1977; McLaughlin et al. 1969). Reports of the 'Trailliella' stage of this species on the Pacific coast of North America probably refer to the native Northeast Pacific form Bonnemaisonia nootkana (McLachlan et al. 1967).

Outside its native range, B. hamifera was first collected in Europe, in Falmouth, England, in 1893 (Holmes 1897), and subsequently spread around Europe, reaching the Mediterranean (Tunisia) by 1918 (Verlaque 1994). Its present eastern Atlantic range is from Morocco to Norway, Iceland, and the Azores (South and Tittley 1986). In the western Atlantic, it was first collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1927 (Lewis and Taylor 1928) and now ranges from Labrador to Virginia (Humm 1979; Mathieson and Dawes 2017). It has also been introduced to Argentina and New Zealand (Quartino 1990; Garbary et al. 2020).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the East Coast:

In the western Atlantic, Bonnemaisonia hamifera was first collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1927 (Lewis and Taylor 1928) and now ranges from Labrador to Virginia (Humm 1979; South and Tittley 1986). 'Trailliella' tetrasporophytes, and gametophytes (as Asparagopsis hamifera) were first collected at Nobska Point, Woods Hole in 1927 (Lewis and Taylor 1928). Its abundance decreased sharply after a severe winter in 1933 (Taylor 1937). In 1940, it was collected in Long Island Sound (Taylor 1940), and it is now well-established in Narragansett Bay as well (Villalard-Bohnsack 1995). Bonnemaisonia hamifera was abundantly overgrowing Eelgrass (Zostera marina) in 2006 in Barengat Bay, New Jersey (Kennish et al. 2007). In Chesapeake Bay, the tetrasporophyte Trailliella form was collected at 6 stations in the vicinity of Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds in 1968, as the 'Trailliella' form growing as an epiphyte on eelgrass and seaweeds (Mathieson and Fuller 1969). It was also found growing on widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima) in the Guinea Marshes, Gloucester Point, York River, in 1974 (Humm 1979). The gametophyte has not been found in Chesapeake Bay (Humm 1979).  Bonnemaisonia hamifera was not reported from waters north of Cape Cod by Taylor (1937), but the tetrasporophyte phase ('Trailliella') was discovered in 1948 in the Northumberland Straits. This alga (probably the tetrasporophyte) has since been collected in southern Labrador (South and Tittley 1986). Currently, the gametophyte has been identified genetically from Narragansett to  the Bay of Fundy. while the 'Trailliella' form occurs further north (Saunders 2022). This alga has not been reported from North Carolina (Schneider and Searles 1997).
 

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Outside its native range, Bonnemaisonia hamifera was first collected in Europe, in Falmouth, England, in 1893 (Holmes 1897), and subsequently spread around Europe, reaching the Mediterranean (Tunisia) by 1918 (Verlaque 1994), and the Black Sea (1986, Cinar et al. 2005). Currently, in the Eastern Atlantic it ranges south to Morocco (1935; Benhissoune et al. 2002) and north to Norway (1902; Hopkins 2002), and Iceland (1978; Thorarinsdottir et al. 2018). This alga reached the Azores by 2003 (Chainho et al 2015), and Argentina by 1989, (Quartino 1990).  Likely vectors for the spread of Bonnemaisonia hamifera are ballast waters, fouling community, and the transfer of shellfish, especially oysters.

 

---

Description

The red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera has two very distinct life phases, a more conspicuous gametophyte, which is a feathery branched upright epiphytic form, and a small, filamentous tetrasporophyte, once considered a separate species named Trailliella intricata. The gametophyte is typically up to 100 mm (sometimes 200 mm), with a finely branched Christmas-tree shape, pink-to-deep-red in color. With magnification, the fronds can be seen to carry many deeply curved hooks, which help this alga to cling to other seaweeds. The gametophyte is sexually reproducing and occurs during the warmer seasons, while the tetrasporophyte form occurs year-round. The tetrasporphytes form dense tufts of irregularly branched filaments, dark red to rose-red, 10–25 mm in height (Taylor 1957; Humm 1979; Van Patten 2006; Mathieson and Dawes 2017).

---

Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Temperature- the maximum given is a field temperature in Chesapeake Bay at time of collection, July 1968 (Mathieson and Fuller 1969), which is the highest field temperature which we have seen reported for this species. Tetrasporophytes and gametophytes from Ireland survived and grew at 0–25 °C, but died at 30 °C. Maximum growth of tetrasporophytes was at 15–25 °C, but gametophytes grew optimally at 15 °C and showed abnormalities at 20–25 °C (Breeman et al. 1988). Sexual reproduction of this species is sharply limited by temperature. Gametophytes in culture became fertile at 5–20 °C, and carpogonia, the female reproductive organ in red algae, developed at 5–20 °C, but mainly at long day-lengths. Tetrasporangia, which produce gametophytes, require shorter day-lengths and temperatures above 11 °C. The 'reproductive window' in Virginia for tetrasporangia production occurs in September through October. Production of gametophytes occurs in spring-summer, at temperatures above 10 °C, in August through September in Nova Scotia CA, and July through August in Massachusetts. Production of males occurs at lower temperatures than that of females, so that males may be produced in winter (only one west Atlantic record, from Halifax), while females are not produced until summer. In southern Japan, however, the reproductive cycle is better synchronized, with higher winter temperatures permitting overlap among the sexes, and fertilization of carpogonia in spring, while summer temperatures rarely exceed the tolerance of gametophytes (Breeman et al. 1988).

Environmental tolerances: Salinity- The minimum given is a field record, Chesapeake Bay (Mathieson and Fuller 1969), the lowest which we have seen reported. Based on its occurrence elsewhere in the North Atlantic, B. hamifera ranges into euhaline waters, although it has not been reported from higher salinities in the Chesapeake region.

Trophic Status:

Primary Producer

PrimProd

---

Habitats

General Habitat	Rocky	None
General Habitat	Unstructured Bottom	None
General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
Salinity Range	Mesohaline	5-18 PSU
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Tidal Range	Low Intertidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None

---

Life History

Reproduction: Sexuality Modes- Bonnemaisonia hamifera has distinct male and female gametophytes, but in much of the introduced range, either the gametophytes do not occur (in northern Europe (Dixon and Irvine 1977), Gulf of St. Lawrence (McLachlan et al. 1969), and possibly Chesapeake Bay (Humm 1979)) or only one sex is produced (Dixon and Irvine 1977; McLachlan et al. 1969). All of the life cycle stages have only been observed together in Japan; elsewhere, mature tetraspores and gametes are rarely found. The different life cycle stages appear to be largely uncoupled and dependent on vegetative reproduction (Dixon and Irvine 1977). Since the gametophytes and sexual reproduction has not been observed in our area, the data given here refer only to the tetrasporophyte stage. Reproductive season- Production of female gametophytes, where known from the west Atlantic, takes place in summer, in August through September in Halifax Nova Scotia CA, and July through August in Massachusetts. The one record of male gametophytes from the west Atlantic was in February in Nova Scotia. In Shimoda, Japan, sexual reproduction occurred in March through May (Breeman et al. 1988).

 Bonnemaisonia hamifera has a complex life cycle, with triphasic alternation of generations. Male gametes (spermatia, unflagellated) attach to female cells (carpogonia) on the adult plant  to produce a carposporophyte, a mass of fertile cells, or carpospores, considered the first life cycle phase. Carpospores are released and germinate into tetrasporophytes. Tetrasporophytes eventually mature to form tetrasporangia. Meiosis occurs in the tetrasporangia, resulting in four haploid nuclei, incorporated into tetraspores. Tetraspores germinate into haploid gametophytes which are much larger than the tetrasporophytes (Bold and Wynne 1978; Harder and Koch 1949).

The tetrasporophyte stage is morphologically distinct from the gametophyte and was once regarded as a separate species called Trailliella intricata, until the tetraspores of 'Trailliella' were found to germinate and grow into plants of B. hamifera (Harder and Koch 1949). In the full life cycle, mature male and female gametophytes of separate sexes release gametes, which fuse and are released and settle as the tetrasporophyte 'Trailliella' stage. Only the tetrasporophyte stage 'Trailliella', is known from Chesapeake Bay (Humm 1979). The gametophyte stage has not been reported south of Long Island (South and Tittley 1986; Taylor 1957). Sexual reproduction of this species, and the full life cycle, has been documented only in Japan (Dixon and Irvine 1977; Farnham 1980; McLachlan 1969).

---

Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)	-1	None
Maximum Temperature (ºC)	29	None
Minimum Salinity (‰)	12	Field, Chesapeke Bay, Mathieson and Fuller 1969
Maximum Salinity (‰)	38	Typical Mediterranean salinity
Broad Temperature Range	None	Cold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity Range	None	Mesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

The red seaweed Bonnemaisonia hamifera has become a common and sometimes abundant epiphyte of seaweed community.  When abundant, it increases the structural complexity of communities by covering seaweeds with dense networks of filaments and fronds, but can also affect the host alga by depriving it of light (Minchin et al. 2013; Dijkstra et al. 2017). Bonnemaisonia hamifera  also produces compounds (e.g. (1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone), which discourages grazing by crustaceans and mollusks (Enge et al. 2012; Svensson et al. 2013).  The reduction in grazing may increase its role in habitat change, both in providing refuge, and in reducing growth of host algae and seagrasses (Svensson et al. 2013).

---

Regional Impacts

NA-ET2	Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod		Ecological Impact	Competition
Displaces native algae ( Harris and Tyrell 2001)
B-II	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
In the Kattegat and Belt Sea, B. hamifera was classified as having some community impacts (Zaiko et al. 2011).
B-III	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
In the Kattegat and Belt Sea, B. hamifera was classified as having a low level of community impacts (Zaiko et al. 2011).
NEA-II	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
Competition impacts were listed for the British Isles by Minchin et al. (2013).
B-I	None		Ecological Impact	Food/Prey
Bonnemaisonia hamifera produces a chemical compound (1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone), not present in competing algae, which discourages herbivory by native mollusks, isopods, and amphipods, in waters around Tjarno, Sweden, in the Skagerrak (Enge et al. 2012).
B-I	None		Ecological Impact	Habitat Change
Bonnemaisonia hamifera, because of its chemically-based resistance to herbivory, provides a refuge for herbivores (e.g., the isopod Idotea granulosa) (Enge et al. 2013).
B-I	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
In experiments, Bonnemaisonia hamifera outcompeted native seaweeds, because of its chemical defenses against herbivory (Enge et al. 2013). One of its defensive compounds (1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone) inhibits the settlement of propagules of several native seaweeds and of microalgae, providing a competitive advantage through allelopathy (Svensson et al. 2013).
B-I	None		Ecological Impact	Toxic
Bonnemaisonia hamifera produces a chemical compound (1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone), not present in competing algae, which discourages herbivory by native mollusks, isopods, and amphipods, in waters around Tjarno, Sweden, in the Skagerrak (Enge et al. 2012).
NA-ET2	Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod		Ecological Impact	Habitat Change
Around the Isles of Shoals, NH-ME, from the 1979 to 2015, there has been a trend of replacement of kelps and other larger brown seaweeds, by smaller, bushier red seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dasysiphonia japonica, and Neosiphonia spp.) and Codium fragile, increasing the structural complexity of the environment, and the abundance and diversity of meso-sized invertebrates (Dijkstra et al. 2017).
N135	_CDA_N135 (Piscataqua-Salmon Falls)		Ecological Impact	Habitat Change
Around the Isles of Shoals, NH-ME, from the 1979 to 2015, there has been a trend of replacement of kelps and other larger brown seaweeds, by smaller, bushier red seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dasysiphonia japonica, and Neosiphonia spp.) and Codium fragile, increasing the structural complexity of the environment, and the abundance and diversity of meso-sized invertebrates (Dijkstra et al. 2017).
NH	New Hampshire		Ecological Impact	Habitat Change
Around the Isles of Shoals, NH-ME, from the 1979 to 2015, there has been a trend of replacement of kelps and other larger brown seaweeds, by smaller, bushier red seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dasysiphonia japonica, and Neosiphonia spp.) and Codium fragile, increasing the structural complexity of the environment, and the abundance and diversity of meso-sized invertebrates (Dijkstra et al. 2017).
ME	Maine		Ecological Impact	Competition
Displaces native algae ( Harris and Tyrell 2001)
ME	Maine		Ecological Impact	Habitat Change
Around the Isles of Shoals, NH-ME, from the 1979 to 2015, there has been a trend of replacement of kelps and other larger brown seaweeds, by smaller, bushier red seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dasysiphonia japonica, and Neosiphonia spp.) and Codium fragile, increasing the structural complexity of the environment, and the abundance and diversity of meso-sized invertebrates (Dijkstra et al. 2017).
NH	New Hampshire		Ecological Impact	Competition
Around the Isles of Shoals, NH-ME, from the 1979 to 2015, there has been a trend of replacement of kelps and other larger brown seaweeds, by smaller, bushier red seaweeds (Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Dasysiphonia japonica, and Neosiphonia spp.) and Codium fragile, increasing the structural complexity of the environment, and the abundance and diversity of meso-sized invertebrates (Dijkstra et al. 201

References

Adey, Walter H.; Hayek, Lee-Ann C. (2011) Elucidating marine biogeography with macrophytes: Quantitative analysis of the North Atlantic supports the thermogeographic model and demonstrates a distinct Subarctic region in the Northwestern Atlantic, Northeastern Naturalist 18(8): 1-128

Bell, Richard; Buchsbaum, Robert; Chandler, Mark (2005) Inventory of intertidal marine habitats, Boston Harbor Islands National Park area, Northeastern Naturalist 12(Special Issue 3): 169-200

Benhissoune, S. ; Boudouresque, C.-F.; Perret-Boudouresque, M.; Verlaque, M. (2002) A Checklist of the seaweeds of the Mediterranean and Atlantic Coasts of Morocco. III. Rhodophyceae (Excluding Ceramiales), Botanica Marina 45: 391-412

Bjærke, Marit Ruge; Fredriksen, Stein (2005) Epiphytic macroalgae on the introduced brown seaweed Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Phaeophyceae) in Norway, Sarsia 88(5): 353-364

Bold, Harold C.; Wynne, Michael J. (1978) Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Pp. <missing location>

Breeman, A. M.; Meulenfoff, E. J. S.; Guiry, M. D. (1988) Life history regulation and phenology of the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 42: 535-551

Cardigos, F. and 5 authors (2006) Non-indigenous marine species of the Azores., Helgoland Journal of Marine Research 60: 160-169

Chainho, Paula and 20 additional authors (2015) Non-indigenous species in Portuguese coastal areas, lagoons, estuaries, and islands, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science <missing volume>: <missing location>

Çinar, M. E.; Noglu, M. Bilece; Özturk, B.; Katagan, T. ; Aysel, V. (2005) Alien species on the coasts of Turkey, Mediterranean Marine Science 6/2: 119-146

Çinar, Melih Ertan and 7 authors (2021) Current status (as of end of 2020) of marine alien species in Turkey, PLOS ONE 16: Published online

Collin, Samuel B.; Tweddle, Jacqueline F.; Shucksmith, Rachel J. (2015) Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland, BioInvasions Records 4: In press

Dijkstra, Jennifer A. Harris, Larry G. Mello, Kristen Litterer, Amber L. Wells, Christopher Ware, Colin (2017) Invasive seaweeds transform habitat structure and increase biodiversity of associated species, Journal of Ecology 105(6 Special Issue): 1668-1678
doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12775

Dijkstra, Jennifer A.; Westerman, Erica L.; Harris, Larry G. (2011) The effects of climate change on species composition, succession and phenology: a case study, Global Change Biology 17: 2360-2369

Dixon, Peter S.; Irvine, Linda M. (1977) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta. Part 1. Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales., British Museum (Natural History), London. Pp. <missing location>

Enge, Svantje; Nylund, Goren Mikael; Harder, Tilman; Pavia, Henrik (2013) An exotic chemical weapon explains low herbivore damage in an invasive alga, Ecology 92(12): 2736-2745

Enge, Swantje; Nylund, Mikael Goran; Pavia, Henrik (2913) Native generalist herbivores promote invasion of a chemically defended seaweed via refuge-mediated apparent competition, Ecology Letters 16: 487-492

Eno, N. Clare (1996) Non-native marine species in British waters: effects and controls, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6: 215-228

Farnham, W. F. (1980) Studies on aliens in the marine flora of southern England, In: Price, J. H., Irvine, D. E. G., and Farnham, W. F.(Eds.) The Shore Environment. , London. Pp. 875-914

Farnham, William F. (1994) Introduction of marine benthic algae into Atlantic European waters, In: Boudouresque, C. F., Briand, F., and Nolan, C.(Eds.) Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters. , Brussels. Pp. 32-36

Feldmann, Jean; Feldmann, Genenvieve (1942) Recherches sur les Bonnemaisoniacees: leur alternance de generations, Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Botanique et Biologies Vegetale <missing volume>: 144-175

Fernandez-Alvarez, Fernando Angel Machordom, Annie (2012) DNA barcoding reveals a cryptic nemertean invasion in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, Helgoland Marine Research 67: 599-605
DOI 10.1007/s10152-013-0346-3

Gabriel, Daniela; Ferreira, Ana Isabel; Micael, Joana; Fredericq, Suzanne (2023) Non-Native Marine Macroalgae of the Azores: An Updated Inventory, Diversity 15(1089): Published online
https://doi.org/10.3390/ d15101089

Goulletquer, Philippe; Bachelet, Guy; Sauriau, Pierre; Noel, Pierre (2002) Invasive aquatic species of Europe: Distribution, impacts, and management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp. 276-290

Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. 2004-2023 AlgaeBase. https://www.algaebase.org/



Harder, R.; Koch, W. (1949) Life-history of Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Traillella intricata), Nature 163: 106

Haroun, R. J.; Gil-RodrÌguez, M. C.; de Castro, J. DÌaz; Prud'homme van Reine, W. F. (2002) A checklist of the marine plants from the Canary Islands (Central Eastern Atlantic Ocean), Botanica Marina 45: 139-169

Harris, Larry; Tyrrell, Megan (2001) Changing community states in the Gulf of Maine., Biological Invasions 3: 9-21

Holmes, E. M. (1897) Note on Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Journal of Botany 35: 408-409

Hopkins, C.C.E. (2002) Invasive aquatic species of Europe: Distribution, impacts, and management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, <missing place>. Pp. 240-253

Huang, Zongguo (Ed.), Junda Lin (Translator) (2001) Marine Species and Their Distributions in China's Seas, Krieger, Malabar, FL. Pp. <missing location>

Humm, Harold J. (1979) The Marine Algae of Virginia, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville. Pp. <missing location>

Jones, Emily; Thornber, Carol S. (2005) Effects of habitat-modifying invasive macroalgae on epiphytic algal communities, Marine Ecology Progress Series 400: 87-100

Kennish, Michael J. 2015 Demographic investigation of seagrasses in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary with assessment of potential impacts of benthic macroalgae and brown tides . https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/43721544/macroalgal-blooms-in-barnegat-bay-the-barnegat-bay-p



Leidenberger, Sonja; Obst, Matthias; Kulawik, Robert; Stelzer, Kerstin; Heyer, Karin; Hardisty, Alex; Bourlat, Sarah J. (2015) Evaluating the potential of ecological niche modelling as a component in marine non-indigenous species risk assessments, Marine Pollution Bulletin 97: 470-487

Lewis, I. F.; Taylor, W. R. (1928) Notes from the Woods Hole Laboratory-1928, Rhodora 30(358): 193-198

Lewis, I. F.; Taylor, W. R. (1933) Notes from the Woods Hole Laboratory- 1932, Rhodora 35(413): 147-154

Lipej, L.; Mavric, B.; Orlando-Bonaca, M.; Malej, A. (2012) State of the art of the marine non-indigenous flora and fauna in Slovenia, Mediterranean Marine Science 13(2): 243-249

MacIntyre, Chris; Adrienne Pappal; Pederson, Judy; Smith, Jan P. (2011) Marine Invaders in the Northeast Rapid Assessment Survey of non-native and native marine species of floating dock communities, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management, Boston MA. Pp. <missing location>

Maggs, Christine A.; Stegenga, Herre (1999) Red algal exotics on North Sea coasts., Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 243-258

Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (2013) Rapid assessment survey of marine species at New England floating docks and rocky shores, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston MA. Pp. <missing location>

Mathieson, Arthur C., Hehre, Edward J., Hambrook, Julie, Gerweck, James (1996) A comparison of insular seaweed floras from Penobscot Bay, Maine, and other northwest Atlantic Islands., Rhodora 98(896): 309-418

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Dawes, Clinton J. (2011) A floristic comparison of benthic 'marine' algae in Bras d'Or lake, Nova Scotia with five other Northwest Atlantic embayments and the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe, Rhodora 113(955): 300-350

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Dawes, Clinton J. (2017) Seaweeds of the Northwest Atlantic, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst MA. Pp. <missing location>

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Dawes, Clinton J.; Hehre, Edward J.; Harris, Larry G. (2009) Floristic studies of seaweeds from Cobscook Bay, Maine, Northeastern Naturalist 16(Monograph 5): 1-48

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Dawes, Clinton, J (2018) A Comparison of marine and estuarine algal populations from Downeast Maine and eight contiguous Northwest Atlantic seas, Rhodora 120(984): 310-380
URL: https://doi.org/10.3119/17-21

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Fuller, Stephen W. (1969) A preliminary investigation of the benthonic marine algae of the Chesapeake Bay region., Rhodora 71: 524-534

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Hehre, Edward J.; Dawes, Clinton J.; Hehre, Edward J. (2008) An historical comparison of seaweed populations from Casco Bay, Maine, Rhodora 110(941): 1-102

Mathieson, Arthur C.; Pederson, Judith R.; Neefus, Christopher D.; Dawes, Clinton J.; Bray, Troy L. (2008) Multiple assessments of introduced seaweeds in the Northwest Atlantic., ICES Journal of Marine Science 65: 730-741

McLachlan, J.; Chen, C. M.; Edelstein, T. (1969) Distribution and life history of Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot., Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 6: 245-249

Micael, Joana; Parente, Manuela I.; Costa, Ana C. (2014) Tracking macroalgae introductions in North Atlantic oceanic islands, Helgoland Marine Research 68: 209-219

Minchin, Dan; Cook, Elizabeth J.; Clark, Paul F. (2013) Alien species in British brackish and marine waters, Aquatic Invasions 8: in press

MIT Sea Grant 2003-2008 Introduced and cryptogenic species of the North Atlantic. <missing URL>



MIT Sea Grant 2009-2012 Marine Invader Tracking and Information System (MITIS). <missing URL>



Mott, Alexander W.; Krueger-Hadfield, Stacy A.; Blakeslee, April M. H.; Fowler, Amy E. (2022) Native tube building polychaete prefers to anchor nonnative alga over other macrophytes, Oecologia (Berl) 198(4): 967-980
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05164-1

Neto, Ana Isabel (1994) Checklist of the benthic marine macroalgae of the Azores, Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 12A: 15-34

Novaczek, I.; McLachlan, J. (1989) Investigations of the marine algae of Nova Scotia XVII: Vertical and geographic distribution of marine algae on rocky shores of the Maritime provinces, Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 38: 91-143

O'Shaughnessy, Kathryn A.; Lyons, David; Ashelby,Christopher W; R Counihan, Randall; Pears, Eliot; Taylor; Davies, Rebecca; PStebbing, aul D. (2-023) Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in Irish marinas, Management of Biological Invasions 14: 245–267
, https://doi.org/10. 3391/mbi.2023.14.2.05 Received: 4 August 2022

Orris, Patricia K. (1980) A revised species list and commentary on the macroalgae of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, Estuaries 3(3): 200-206

Peña, V.; Bárbara, I.; Grall, J.; Maggs, C. A.; Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2014) The diversity of seaweeds on maerl in the NE Atlantic, Marine Biodiversity 44: 533-551

Quartino, Maria Liliana (1990) Trailliella intricata (Bonnemiasoniales, Rhodophyta) en la Argentina, Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica. 26: 209-213

Ribera, Maria (1994) Les macrophytes marins introduits en Méditerranée : biogéographie, In: Boudouresque, C. F.; Briand, F. ; Nolan, C.(Eds.) Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters. , Brussels. Pp. 37-43

Ruiz, Gregory M.; Geller, Jonathan (2018) Spatial and temporal analysis of marine invasions in California, Part II: Humboldt Bay, Marina del Re, Port Hueneme, and San Francisco Bay, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center & Moss Landing Laboratories, Edgewater MD, Moss Landing CA. Pp. <missing location>

Sadogurskiya, S. Ye.; Belicha, T. V.; Sadogurskaya, S. A. (2023) Invasion of the Alien Species Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot in Coastal Phytocenoses near the Southern Coast of Crimea (the Black Sea), Integrative and Comparative Biology 16(1): 81–86.
DOI: 10.1134/S1995082923010145

Sagerman, Josefin; Enge, Swantje; Pavia, Henrik; Wikström, Sofia A. (2014) Divergent ecological strategies determine different impacts on community production by two successful non-native seaweeds, Oecologia 175: 937-946

Schneider, Craig W.; Searles, Richard B. (1991) Seaweeds of the Southeastern United States Cape Hatteras to Cape Canaveral, Duke University Press, Durham. Pp. <missing location>

Sears, James R.; Wilce, Robert T. (1975) Sublittoral, benthic marine algae of southern Cape Cod and adjacent island: Seasonal periodicity, associations, diversity, and floristic composition., Ecological Monographs 45(4): 337-365

Sghaier, H.; Zakhama-Sraieb, R.; Mouelhi, S.; Vazquez, M.; Valle, C.; Ramos-Espla, A. A.; Astier, J. M.; Verlaque, M.; Charfi-Cheikrouha, F. (2016) Review of alien marine macrophytes in Tunisia, Mediterranean Marine Science 17(1): 109-123

Sounders, Gary W. 2022 Seaweed of Canada. https://seaweedcanada.wordpress.com/bonnemaisonia-hamifera-hariot-a/



South, G. Robin; Tittley, Ian (1986) <missing title>, Huntsman Marine Laboratory and British Museum (Natural History), St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and London. Pp. <missing location>

Stegenga, Herre; Karremans, Mart (2015) [Review of the red algal exotics in the marine waters of the Southwest Netherlands], Gorteria 27: 141-157

Svensson, J. Robin; Nylund, Goran M.; Cervin, Gunnar; Toth, Gunilla B.; Pavia, Henrik (2013) Novel chemical weapon of an exotic macroalga inhibits recruitment of native competitors in the invaded range, Journal of Ecology 101: 140-148

Taylor, William Randolph (1940) Marine algae from Long Island, Torreya 40(6): 185-195

Taylor, William Randolph (1957) Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Pp. <missing location>

Thomsen, Mads S.; Wernberg, Thomas; Stæhr, Peter;Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Risgaard-Petersen, Nils; Silliman, Brian R. (2007) Alien macroalgae in Denmark - a broad-scale national perspective., The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 3: 61-72

Thorarinsdottir, Gudrun G.; Gunnarsson, Karl; Gíslason, Ó. Sindri (2014) Marine invasive species in the Arctic, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark. Pp. 83-109

Tsiamis, K.; Montesanto, B.; Panayotidis, P.; Katsaros, C.; Verlaque, M. (2010) Updated records and range expansion of alien marine macrophytes in Greece (2009), Mediterranean Marine Science 11(1): 61-79

Van Patten, Margaret Stewart (2006) Seaweeds of Long Island Sound, Connecticut Sea Grant, Groton. Pp. <missing location>

Verlaque, Marc (1994) Inventaire des plantes introduite en Mediterranee: origines et repercussions sur l'environnment et les activites humaines, Oceanologica Acta 17(1): 1-23

Villalard-Bohnsack, Martine (1995) Illustrated key to the seaweeds of New England, Rhode Island Natural History Survey, Kingston. Pp. <missing location>

Villalard-Bohnsack, Martine, Peckol, Paulette, Harlin, Marilyn M. (1988) Freshwater and Marine Plants of Rhode Island, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. Pp. 101-118

Westbrook, M.A. (1930) Notes on the distribution of certain marine red algae., Journal of Botany 68: 257-264

Zaiko, Anastasija; Lehtiniemi, Maiju; Narscius, Aleksas; Olenin, Sergej (2011) Assessment of bioinvasion impacts on a regional scale: a comparative approach, Biological Invasions 13: 1739-1765

---